KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

THE BRAIN
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
• Identify the cerebral cortex, cerebellum
and medulla on a diagram of the brain
and describe the function of each

• Describe the techniques used to map

areas of the brain to their functions

• Evaluate the benefits and risks of

procedures carried out on the brain
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

LEARNING JOURNEY

YEAR 7
KO3: ORGANISMS
(Structure of Cells)
YEAR 8
Multicellular KO: ORGANISMS
organisms (Drugs)
Affects of drugs on
the brain

YEAR 10
KO: ORGANISMS (The
Brain and Eye)
Structure of the Brain
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

DO NOW – IN SILENCE:
1) What term is given to the widening of blood vessels to cool the body down?
2) Why does this phenomenon occur when we are hot – how does it help us to
cool down?
3) What term is given to the narrowing of blood vessels when we are cold?
4) Which part of the brain monitors our body temperature?
5) What is our core body temperature?
6) What are the two products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?
7) What is the product of anaerobic respiration in animals?
8) In what form do we store excess glucose in our body?
9) What would happen to this store if we started exercising and why?
10) Which type of respiration results in an oxygen debt?
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

RECAP OF CONTROLLING BODY

TEMPERTURE
• Complete this worksheet –
this will have been printed
out for you and left in the
classroom.

• Once complete please stick

this sheet into your book.
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

Hemispheres
• The brain is divided into two hemispheres: the left and the right

• Each hemisphere (side of the brain) is responsible for specific

functions
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

Hemispheres
• Activity on the right hand side of the body is controlled by the left
hemisphere
• Activity on the left hand side of the body is controlled by the right
hemisphere
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

The brain consists of

three main regions:
cerebral cortex, medulla
and cerebellum. 1 Label the diagram:
1. Cerebral Cortex
2. Medulla
3. Cerebellum

3
2

The brain coordinates and controls all our activities and behaviour
from writing a poem, playing a guitar, playing football, to behaving
aggressively and falling in love.
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

Using the diagram:

Fill in your table.
Extension:
What is the
largest part of the
brain?

ACTIVITY
Part of the brain Function
Cerebral cortex
Use the pages 152-153 in
your textbook to find the
Cerebellum
functions of these brain
areas
Medulla
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

The cerebrum
• Has an outermost layer known as the cerebral
cortex

• Each of our sensory systems sends messages to and

from this cerebral cortex.

• The cerebrum is made up of the left and right

hemispheres which are connected by a bundle of
fibres
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

CEREBRAL CORTEX
• The outer layer of both hemispheres is called the
cerebral cortex (divided into several sections)

• Imagine it as a tea-cosy covering the parts of the brain

 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

Cerebral Cortex -The four lobes

The location for awareness
Location for sensory of what we are doing within
and motor movements our environment (our
consciousness)

Location
for vision

Location for the

auditory ability and
memory acquisition
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

Label the parts of the Brain and describe their

function
KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

Label the parts of the Brain and describe their function?

Cerebral Cortex- consciousness,
intelligence, memory, and language.

Cerebellum-
coordinated muscular
activity and balance.

Medulla- heart beat, movements of

the gut, and breathing.
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

Extension activity where would the pituitary gland be located?

Produces chemical
messengers called
hormones
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)
What part of the brain is affected if:
1. You can’t remember what you did yesterday
2. You are constantly falling over
3. You’ve forgot how to speak English
4. Your have an irregular heartbeat
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

WATCH….
• Watch the first part of this video up to 2 mins 40 seconds to
consolidate what you have learnt so far about the different parts of
the brain and its functions

• https://youtube.com/watch?v=jvIr7b0roYI&si=EnSIkaIECMiOmarE
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with

disorders in the nervous system (CNS and PNS).

A neurosurgeon
performs
surgery for a
brain tumour.
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

How do scientists find out about the brain?

Studying
MRI scans people with
brain damage.

Getting to
Electrically
know your
stimulating
brain?
different parts
of the brain.
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

Studying people with brain damage.

The curious case of Phineas
gage.

-Who was Phineas gage?

-What happened to him?
-What does his story teach us
about the brain?
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

LANGUAGE AREA
• In most respects, the left
and the right sides of the
brain are very similar.
• One difference however is
the presence of the
language areas, which are
only found on the left
hand side in the frontal
and temporal lobes
ability) to understand or produce speech.
This is responsible for converting
thought into speech
Link: how neuroscientists began worki
ng out which brain regions contribute t
o different behaviours
This plays an
important role in
understanding other
people's speech and
for producing speech
which makes sense
Damage to either of these areas would
result in aphasia - inability (or impaired
Wernicke's aphasia
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

Describe the techniques used to map areas of the brain

to their functions.
Neuroscientists have been able to map the regions of the brain to
particular functions by studying patients with brain damage,
electrically stimulating different parts of the brain and using
MRI scanning techniques. The complexity and delicacy of the brain
makes investigating and treating brain disorders very difficult.

There are many different methods

used to scan the brain including:

• MRI
• CT
• ECG
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

Electrically stimulating different parts of the brain

Stimulating different parts of brain
have been used by scientists to study
the brain.

During this stimulation patients are

asked to describe their experience.

If the motor area is stimulated, the

patient makes an involuntary
movement. If the visual area is
stimulated, they may see a flash of
colour.
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

MRI scans
Modern imaging methods
such as MRI (Magnetic
Resonance Imaging) scans can
show details of brain structure
and function. Patients are
asked to perform various tasks
and, by looking at the scan,
scientists can see which parts
of the brain are active when
the task is carried out.
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

WATCH….
• Watch the rest of this video from 2 mins 40 seconds onwards to
consolidate what you have learnt so far about how we study the brain

• https://youtube.com/watch?v=jvIr7b0roYI&si=EnSIkaIECMiOmarE
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

COMPLETE THE WORKSHEET

• Complete this worksheet –
this will have been printed
out for you and left in the
classroom.

• Once complete please stick

this sheet into your book.
 KO: ORGANISMS (THE BRAIN AND EYE)

ACTIVITY: Imaging and Scanning Techniques

worksheet

Read through your worksheet and identify the

advantages and disadvantages of each type of
brain scanning technique
(Higher Tier) Evaluate the benefits and risks of procedures
carried out on the brain and nervous system.
• When the nervous system is damaged, repairing it is impossible.
• Surgery is often used to save lives by removing a brain tumour, draining
excess fluid from a bleed or infection or adding a brain implant.
• For a brain tumour, cancer cells must be removed as completely as possible.
• For this reason, radiotherapy and chemotherapy follow surgery to remove as
much cancer cells as possible.
• Gene therapy and monoclonal can be used to treat brain cancer.
• Stem cell therapies repair damaged nervous system tissue.
Using the information on the posters, fill in your table to describe the
benefits and risks of different types of procedures for brain and nervous
system damage. 10mins

Procedures Benefits Risks

Brain surgery

Brain implant

Radiotherapy or
Chemotherapy

Monoclonal antibodies

Stem cell therapies

(Higher Tier) Evaluate the benefits and risks of procedures carried
out on the brain and nervous system.

Procedures Benefits Risks

Brain surgery May be necessary in the May cause brain damage
case of a brain tumour and can also cause
to save/prolong life. infection and possibility
of a stroke.
Brain implant Can help the brain May cause brain damage
function
Radiotherapy or Destruction of the These techniques can
Chemotherapy tumour can save lives. damage normal cells.
Monoclonal antibodies Offer hope in the Can cause skin changes
treatment of such as red and sore
cancer/tumour skin or an itchy rash.
treatment
Stem cell therapies Offer help in repairing The stem cells may be
damages to nervous rejected.
system tissue.
 Brain Surgery
• It is used to remove as much of a brain tumour as
possible.
• A brain tumour is a growth of cells in the brain that
multiplies in an abnormal, uncontrollable way.
• The biggest risk of surgery is it may cause brain
damage e.g speech, memory, balance. It can cause
infection and possibility of a stroke.
Brain Implant
• Brain implant offer
hope for early stage
Parkinson’s disease as
they can help the
brain function.
• Parkinson’s disease is
when your brain
becomes progressively
damaged.
• The biggest risk is
the brain may get
damaged
Radiotherapy or Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy or
Chemotherapy can be
used to help remove
the tumour and save
lives.
• Radiotherapy uses
rays to destroy
cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy is using
drugs to destroy
cancer cells.
• The biggest risk for
both is they can
damage normal cells.
Monoclonal antibodies
• Monoclonal antibodies are
identical copies of
antibodies that have been
made in laboratories.
• They can bind to cancer
cells and help the immune
system destroy them.
• They offer hope in the
treatment of
cancer/tumour treatment.
• A risk is that it can cause
skin changes such as red
and sore skin or an itchy
rash.
Stem Cell Therapies
• Stem cells are unspecialised
cells that can develop into
many (but not all) types of
cells.
• Stem cell therapy helps in
repairing damaged nervous
system and produce cancer-
killing molecules.
• A risk of this is that the
stem cells may get rejected.
 Q-Explain some of the difficulties of
investigating brain function and treating brain
damage and disease?
- Brain is complex
- Brain is delicate
- Range of chemicals released by the brain
- Process that take place in the brain involve different neurons in different areas
- Easily damaged and destroyed
- Difficult to treat disease as surgery is difficult as it is not understood what each area of
the brain does.
- Also drugs do not always reach the brain as drugs find it hard to pass the blood brain
barrier.
Plenary

• Write a detailed
instruction manual
for the learning you
have done during
the lesson.

• Be creative.