Basic Client-Server

Concepts, Workgroups
vs Domain
Web Services
FTP Service
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used to communicate and transfer files between computers on a TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) network, aka the internet.

Example of Client Server Architecture

Uses TCP and not UDP

While FTPS adds a layer to the FTP protocol, SFTP is an entirely different protocol based on the network
protocol SSH (Secure Shell). Unlike both FTP and FTPS, SFTP uses only one connection and encrypts both
authentication information and data files being transferred.

The FTP protocol exchanges data using two separate channels known as the command channel and data
channel Therefore a lot of firewall problems

FTP: anonymous and basic authentication

data transmitted through FTP is a relatively slow-moving target for spoofing, sniffing, brute force, and other
kinds of attacks. Through simple port scanning, a hacker could check an FTP transmission and attempt to
exploit its vulnerabilities.
 Email Service
Email Server
• outgoing mail servers, or *mail transfer agents* (MTA)
• incoming mail servers, or *mail delivery agents* (MDA)

MTAs retrieve outgoing email messages from the sender’s mail client, then deliver them to MDAs, which are responsible
for temporarily storing and delivering email messages to the recipient’s mail client

Mail servers deliver email messages between mail clients by using email protocols

When sending an email from one client to another, the MTA uses an outgoing mail protocol, like the Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP), to check the sender’s email envelope* data and determine where the message needs to be sent. SMTP
does this by using the Domain Name System (DNS) to translate the recipient’s domain into an IP address.

Then, it locates a mail delivery agent by querying mail exchange (MX) records. The MX record tells the server how to route
the message to its final destination. Once the MX record returns the appropriate destination, the MDA uses an incoming mail
protocol, like the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) or Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3), to retrieve the email
message from the mail server and deliver it to the specified mail client (or clients).
 Email Service
While mail clients and mail servers are both used to send and receive email messages, they are not the same. A mail client is
an application that allows users to retrieve, store, and format emails to be sent. Mail servers, meanwhile, are software
programs that use email protocols to move email messages between mail clients.

(Incoming – Port 995) POP3, for example, downloads email from a server and stores incoming email messages on a single
device until the user opens the email client. Once the user downloads the email, it is automatically deleted from the server,
unless the "keep mail on server" setting is enabled. Many internet service providers offer their users POP3 email accounts,
as they are more space efficient.

(Incoming – Port 993) IMAP servers enable users to preview, delete and organize emails before transferring them to
multiple devices from the email server. Copies of emails are left on the server until the user deletes them.

An outgoing mail server operates by having a user's machine communicate with Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP),
which handles the email delivery process. SMTP servers work with other types of mail servers, namely POP3 or IMAP, to
send emails from email clients. (Port 587 TLS, 465 SSL)
 Email Service
1. The user composes an email using a third-party email client, such as Outlook, and hits Send.
2. The email client connects to the SMTP server.
3. The SMTP server identifies and processes the recipient's email address, the body of the message and additional
attachments.
4. If the domain name is the same as the sender's, the message is routed directly over POP3 or IMAP. If the domain name is
different, the SMTP server communicates with the domain name system (DNS) to find the recipient's server. The DNS
translates the recipient's email domain name into an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
5. The recipient's IP address connects to the SMTP server. Once the IP is identified, the sent message is routed between
unrelated SMTP servers until it arrives at its destination.
6. The recipient's SMTP server handles the email. It checks the message and directs it over to an IMAP or POP3 server.
The email is then placed in a mail queue until the recipient retrieves it.
Application Services
Workgroups vs Domains

Workgroup:
Same LAN
CS Gaming
P2P network – e.g. Torrent
Client Server Architecture
Active Directory - Intro

Directory Service

Port Address Translation - LDAP

Active Directory - Intro

Object

OU

Domain

Tree

Forests