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Structure of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
Structure of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
Structure of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
Shape
Cocci
Diplococci Streptococci Tetrads Sarcinae Staphylococci
Bacillus
Coccobacilli Diplobacilli Streptobacilli
Spiral
Vibrio-curved rods Spirilla-helical & rigid Spirochetes-helical & flexible
Glycocalyx
Glycolipids or glycoproteins Surrounds cell Capsule or slime layer Capsule more organized & attached to wall Advantages of capsule
Slime Layer(Biofilm)
Surrounds cell Loosely organized & not attached Tangled mass of fibers-dextran Attachment to surfaces -S. mutans Shields bacteria from immune defense & antibiotics
Glycocalyx -Eukaryotes
Animal cells have one Made of carbohydrates No do not have a cell wall Surround plasma membrane Stabilizes PM
Flagella
Movement
Spins like propeller Clockwise or counter clockwise
Arrangements
Monotrichous: one at end Amphitrichous: both ends Lophotrichous: tuft at end or ends Peritrichous: around the cell
Structure
Composition-protein subunits: flagellin (H protein) E. coli H7
Chains twisted together with hollow core Helical shaped Filament, hook, basal body Hook Basal body:
Flagella
Basal body Classified by flagella protein
Axial Filament
Spirochetes
Treponema pallidum-syphilis Borrelia burgdorferi-Lyme disease
Movement Eukaryotes
Flagella & cilia
Cell Wall
Function
Composition
Peptidoglycan
Repeating subunits of disaccharides
N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) Linked alternately in rows
Attached by polypeptides
Tetrapeptide side chains link NAM subunits Cross bridge of amino acids link tetrapeptides
Forms lattice
Peptidoglycan
Confers shape & prevents lysis Cell growth
Autolysins break cross linkages in peptidoglycan Transpeptidases seal breaks Penicillin inactivates these enzymes
Existing cells
Treat with lysozyme-tears, saliva etc. Destroys linkages between carbohydrates
Periplasm
LPS
Strong negative charge Barrier to some antibiotics Outer membrane-endotoxin
O polysaccharides Lipid-lipid A
Gram Stain
Differential stain dev by Hans Gram 1880s
Classifies bacteria into 2 groups Based upon cell wall composition Gram variable stain unevenly
Comparison
Gram positives
Gram Negatives
ETOH disrupts outer layer CV-I complex is washed out of thin peptidoglycan layer Counterstain
Mycoplasma
Lack a cell wall so pleomorphic Classified with gram positives Smallest genome of any bacteria
Animals
Plasma Membrane
Thin, fluid structure inside cell wall-viscous Proteins
Phospholipids-2 layers
Functions of Membrane
Selective permeability Passive transport: Active transport: Enzymes break down nutrients Infoldings
Exocytosis
Cytoplasm of Prokaryotes
80% water, thick, solutes Increase in osmotic pressure on membrane
Rigid cell wall prevents lysis
Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes
Cytosol-fluid portion Cytoskelton
Microfilaments: Microtubules: Intermediate filaments:
Cytoplasmic streaming
Ribosomes
2 subunits of protein and rRNA 70s ribosomes Polyribosomes-chains Protein synthesis
Eukayotes-80s
Inclusions
Polysaccharide granules Sulfur granules Reserve deposits-volutin (phosphates)
Endospores
Unique to bacteria: Clostridium & Bacillus Sporulation-formation of spores
Germination
Triggered by damage to coat Enzymes break down endospore Water enters & metabolism begins Not a reproductive structure
Nucleus
Largest structure in cell
Nucleoli
Organelles in Eukaryotes
Unique to eukaryotes Membranous structures
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth & rough
ER
Flattened membranous sacs Rough ER-ribosomes attached
Golgi Complex
Stacks of membranous sacs Receive transport vesicles from ER Modify molecules to form glycoproteins, glycolipids lipoproteins Transported in secretory vesicles to PM or to outside cell
Lysosomes
Formed from Golgi
Contain digestive enzymes: proteases & nucleases Break down old parts of cell Breaks down pathogens
Mitochondria
Double membrane
Generation of ATP
Chloroplasts
Thylakoids-flattened membranous sacs
Contain DNA 70s ribosomes Stroma thick fluid in center- Calvin cycle Generation of ATP & sugars