Computer Graphics

(COMP462)
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BULE HORA UNIVERSITY

BULE HORA INFORMATICS COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER GRAPHICS
 Topics we will cover
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Introduction to computer Graphics

Graphics Primitives
Attributes of Graphics primitive
Transformations
The viewing pipeline
3D graphics
Animation

Dev C++ and OpenGL

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 Computer Graphics Definition
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Computer graphics create pictures and images based

on some description, or model, in a computer.
Pictures generated by a computer.
 Example: A Ray-Traced picture with shadows.

We can define computer graphics as the algorithms

and hardware required to produce realistic and/or
useful images on a computer.
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 Computer Graphics Definition
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Algorithms and Hardware required to produce realistic

and useful images on the computer.

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 Computer Graphics Definition
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Algorithms and Hardware required to produce realistic

and useful images on the computer.

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 Rendering Definition
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 Taking a picture of object model using a virtual camera.

 The rendering process can include many stages, such as
hidden surface elimination, surface rendering and clipping.

Figure - Rendering a 2-D Image from a 3-D Model

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 Applications of Computer Graphics
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 1. Graphs and Charts
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 Graphs and charts have long been used for visualising data.
 They are particularly widely used for visualising relationships and
trends in scientific, mathematical, financial and economic data.

Figure - Computer Graphics used for Graphs and Charts

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 2. Computer Aided Design(CAD)
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Used for design of buildings, automobiles, aircraft,

watercraft, spacecraft, computers, textiles, …

Multiple window, color coded CAD Color coded wireframe display of

workstation displays body designs for an aircraft
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 2. Computer Aided Design(CAD)…
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Animations and wireframe displays used in CAD

allow the designer to see in to the interior of the
object and to watch the behavior of inner
components during motion.

Simulation of
vehicle performance
during path changes

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 2. Computer Aided Design(CAD)…
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Architects also use it to lay out floor plan and design

different building features.
With virtual reality systems designers can even go
for a simulation walk through the rooms.

Realistic, 3D rendering of
building designs

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 2. Computer Aided Design(CAD)…
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 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is a similar concept to CAD, except that

the design application is linked to the manufacturing process, i.e. the application
will directly control, via a hardware communication link.

Figure - Computer Graphics used for Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

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 3. Data Visualization
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 More complex, often multidimensional, datasets can also be visualised using

graphics techniques.
 For example, Shows a three-dimensional medical dataset of a patient.

Here we use computer graphics to Shows the use of colour to visualise

visualise the paths of blood vessels altitude in a map of the United
inside the patient’s head. States.
Figure - Computer Graphics used for Visualisation of Complex Datasets
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 4. Presentation Graphics
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Used to produce illustrations for reports,

 Summarizing
 Financial
 Statistical
 Mathematical and scientific data
To generate slides.
Typical examples
 Bar charts
 Line graphs
2D bar and pie chart linked to
 Pie charts geographical chart
 …

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 5. Entertainment
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For making motion pictures, music videos, and

television shows.
Graphical objects can be displayed by themselves or
can be combined with the actors and live scenes.

Avatar Toy Story

 The applications of computer graphics in entertainment fall into three categories:
computer art, special effects and animations, and games.

Figure - Computer Graphics used in the Entertainment Industry

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 6. Computer Art
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Both fine arts and commercial art applications

For designing object’s shape and specifying object’s
motion Artists use:-
 Paint brush programs:
 Used to paint pictures on the screen of a video monitor using
graphics tablet and stylus.
 Paint packages
 Desktop publishing software
 Animation packages …

Cartoon drawing produced with a

paintbrush program
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 6. Computer Art…
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For mathematical art there are software like

Mathematica with different mathematical functions.

Visualization of Fermat’s
Last Theorem.

For creating logos, TV advertising spots, page

layouts with text and graphics

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 7.Education and Training
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 Computer graphics can be very beneficial in education and training.

 For some training applications using simulator,
 Visualizing physical, financial and economical system models.

Automobile simulator used to Shows a screenshot from some shows a screenshot

test drivers reaction educational software that from a simulator for
teaches students about human
laser eye surgery.
anatomy.
Figure - Computer Graphics used for Education and Training

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 8. Volume Visualization
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 To visualize and analyse large amount of information for scientists,

engineers, medical personels, business analysts, ...
 Techniques: color coding, contour plots, graphs and charts, surface
rendering, visualizations of volume interiors, ...

Volume visualization of the color

Gamut of the image (ICC3D)
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 9. Image Processing
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 Computer Graphics: creating a

picture using computers.
 Image Processing: modifying or
interpreting existing pictires
like photographs and TV scans.
 Application
 Image inhansment (improving image
quality)
 Machion perception of visual
information (Robotix) Blurred photograph of a
 Servilance license plate and the inhanced
 Together: they applied in version of it.
different applications.
 Example: In Medicine for
computer-aided surgery

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 10. Graphical User Interface
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Interactive pointing devices

Displayed menues
Icons which represent some processing options

Graphical user interface (GUI) from paint application with menus, icons, and color plates
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 11. Vertual Rality and Augmented Reality
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 Virtual Reality (VR) allows users to be immersed in a computer generated world, and to interact
with it as if they were interacting with the real world.
 Augmented Reality (AR) combines a computer-generated virtual world with the real world.

Figure - Computer Graphics used for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality

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 Introduction to OpenGL
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What is OpenGL?
OpenGL is a low-level software interface to
graphics hardware.
No commands for performing windowing tasks or

obtaining user input are included.
 No high-level commands for describing models of 3D
objects are provided.
Why low level?
You can access graphics hardware directly.

 Independent to window system, cross platform.

 High level enough, so it’s independent to graphics hardware.

 Industry standard.

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 API Hierarchy
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What OpenGL provides?
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Draw with points, lines, and polygons.

Matrix Operations (Transformations)
Hidden Surface Removal (Z-Buffer)
Lighting (Phong model)
Gouraud Shading
Texture mapping
Pixels operations

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The Buffers
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A buffer is a memory area in the graphics hardware

for some special purposes.
An OpenGL system can manipulate the four
buffers:
 Color buffers
 Depth buffer (Z-Buffer)
 Stencil buffer
 Accumulation buffer

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Graphics Libraries
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The most important of the OpenGL family of

graphics libraries:
 OpenGL :
 The core library, it is platform (i.e. hardware system) independent, but not
windows-system independent.
 glut:
 The GL Utilities Toolkit, it contains some extra routines for drawing 3-D
objects and other primitives.
 Using glut with OpenGL enables us to write windows-system independent
code.
 glu:
 The OpenGL Utilities, it contains some extra routines for projections and
rendering complex 3-D objects.
 glui:
 Contains some extra routines for creating user-interfaces.

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Getting Started with OpenGL
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The first thing we need to know to be able to start

writing OpenGL programs is which header files to
include.
 #include <GL/gl.h>
If we are only using the core OpenGL library, then this line must be added
near the beginning of your source code.
 #include <GL/glu.h>
 If we also want to use the GL Utilities library, we must add this line.
 #include <GL/glui.h>
 For the glui user-interface library we must add the above line.

 #include <GL/glut.h>
 If we want to use the glut library (and this makes using OpenGL a lot easier)
we do not need to include the OpenGL or glu header files. All we need to do
is include a single header file for glut.
 This will automatically include the OpenGL and glu header files too.

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 OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT)
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A window system-independent toolkit to hide the

complexity of differing window system APIs.
Providing following operations:
 Initializing and creating window.
 Handling window and input events.
 Drawing basic 3D objects.
 Running the program.

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OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT)…
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The following lines initialise the glut library, define

a frame buffer and create a window for display.
 glutInit(&argc, argv);
 glutInitWindowSize(640,480);
 glutInitWindowPosition(10,10);
 glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
 glutCreateWindow(“GLUT Points Demo”);

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OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT)…
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Let us examine each of these routines in turn:

 glutInit(&argc, argv);
 This line initialises the glut library. We must call this function before any
others in our glut/OpenGL programs.
 glutInitWindowSize(640,480);
 This function call sets the size of the display window in pixels.

 glutInitWindowPosition(10,10);
 This line sets the position of the top-left corner of the display window,
measured in pixels from the top-left corner of the monitor screen.
 glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
 This line defines the type of frame buffer we want to have. In this case, we are
asking for a single RGB (i.e. colour) frame buffer.
 glutCreateWindow(“GLUT Points Demo”);
 Finally, this function call creates the display window with the attributes
defined by the previous calls.
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A Simple OpenGL Program

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