GAS

• Gas is a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume. Gases
have lower density than other states of matter, such as solids and liquids
• Particles are very far apart from each other and are in a random
arrangement
• Doesn’t have fixed volume or shape, always occupy and take the shape of
its container.
• Particles can vibrate and move freely with high collision is greater than
that of the liquids.
• Gases can be easily compressed
• Held together by very weak forces of attractions.
• Particles have a very high energy content because they can move and
collide freely.
 Gas Laws
• Temperature, pressure, amount and volume of a gas are interdependent, and
many scientists have developed laws to describe the relationships among them.
Most of these laws are obeyed by ideal gases.

BOYLE'S LAW
• Boyle's law is named after Robert Boyle, who first stated it in 1662. Boyle's law
states that if temperature is held constant, volume and pressure have an inverse
relationship; that is, as volume increases, pressure decreases
Demonstration/calculations
 CHARLES' LAW
• This law states that the volume and temperature of a gas have a direct
relationship: As temperature increases, volume increases, when pressure is held
constant.
Demonstration/calculations
 GAY LUSSAC’S

• Gay Lussac’s law defines the relationship between the pressure and temperature
of a gas. According to the law, when volume is held constant, the pressure of an
ideal gas is directly proportional to its temperature. This law can be expressed as
follows:

• Where, P1 and P2 are the Initial Pressure and Final Pressure respectively. Both the
pressures are in the units of atm. T1 refers to the Initial Temperature and T2 refers
to the Final Temperature. The temperatures are measured in the units of Kelvin.
• This can be explained as, at constant volume of a close container, if the pressure
inside container increases, the temperature inside the container also increases.
Pressure vs. Temperature graph is linear for ideal gases.
Demonstration/calculations
 COMBINED GAS LAW

• The combined gas law makes use of the relationships shared by pressure, volume,
and temperature: the variables found in other gas laws, such as Boyle's law,
Charles' law and Gay-Lussac's law. Let's review the basic principles of these three
laws.

Avogadro's number
• In 1811, Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro proposed the idea that equal volumes
of gas at the same temperature and pressure will have an equal number of
particles, regardless of their chemical nature and physical properties. 
 Ideal gas law
• Avogadro's Number, the ideal gas constant, and both Boyle's and Charles' laws
combine to describe a theoretical ideal gas in which all particle collisions are
absolutely equal.
• The laws come very close to describing the behavior of most gases, but there are
very tiny mathematical deviations due to differences in actual particle size and tiny
intermolecular forces in real gases. Nevertheless, these important laws are often
combined into one equation known as the ideal gas law
Units of measurements
Common units for Temperature
Common units for volume