Department of Physics

Thermodynamics
PHYS1104 – Physics of Science Technology

By: Physics Lecturer Team

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Outline
• System and Surrounding
• Thermodynamic Processes
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Second Law of Thermodynamics
Expected ability
Students are expected to be able to:
• Understand thermodynamic processes, analyze environmental
phenomena that are influenced by thermal properties and how
humans interact and adapt to the environment
• understand the application of thermodynamics in industrial
machinery, transportation, jet engines and propulsion, air
conditioning, food preservation, food calories
Get to know the system and its types
Open System:
There is an exchange of mass and energy between the
system and its surroundings.
Closed System:
System
There is an exchange of energy but NOT an exchange of
mass between the system and the surroundings.Sistem
Isolated System:
Surrounding Boundary There is NO mass or energy exchange between the
system and the surroundings.

System + Surrounding
- System = part of the universe that is the object of attention
- Outside the system is the Surrounding
Get to know the system and its types
No Matter
in our out

No Energy
in our out

Open System Closed System Isolated System

(Hot water in thermos)
Property of Boundary
Adiabatic Boundary: there is no heat exchange between the system and the surroundings

Rigid Boundary: there is no work either from the system to the environment or from the
environment to the system

Example of adiabatic boundary Example of rigid boundary Example of non-rigid boundary

First Law of Thermodynamics

Statement about the conservation of energy in a closed system:

∆ 𝑼 =𝑸 −𝑾
Change in internal energy (∆U) of the
system = heat (Q) entering or leaving
the system minus the work (W) done by
the system
Note that on the law
Q positive : HEAT IS ADDED TO THE SYSTEM
Q negative: HEAT IS RELEASED BY THE SYSTEM
W positive WORK IS DONE BY THE SYSTEM
W positive WORK IS DONE ON THE SYSTEM

In an isolated system Q = 0 and W = 0

there is no change in internal energy
Thermodynamic Processes : Isobaric
Isobaric is a process that occurs at constant pressure

P-V coordinates for Isobaric

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics in Isobaric Processes:

∆ 𝑈 =𝑄 − 𝑃 ∆ V
Thermodynamic Processes : Isochoric
Isochoric is a process that occurs at constant volume

P-V coordinates for Isochoric

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics in Isochoric Processes

∆ 𝑈 =𝑄 −0
∆ 𝑈 =𝑄
Thermodynamic Processes : Isothermic
Isothermic is a process that occurs at constant temperature

P-V coordinates for Isothermic

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics in

Isothermal Processes

0=𝑄 −𝑊
𝑄=𝑊 Isothermal expansion
Thermodynamic Processes : Adiabatic
Adiabatic is a process that occurs when there is no heat exchange

P-V coordinates for Adiabatic

𝑄=0
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics in
Adiabatic Processes

∆ 𝑈 =0 −𝑊
− ∆𝑈 =𝑊 Adiabatic Expansion
Ideal Gas Equation
The pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin and
the number of moles of gas and inversely proportional to the volume of the gas.
Get to know P-V Diagrams

A
The work done by the gas for the
process from (P1, V1) to (P2, V2) is the
area of the shaded part of the curve C B

B
C Contoh: hitunglah kerja yang dilakukan
gas jika mengalami proses A  B seperti
pada gambar di samping ini!
Second Law of Thermodynamcis

Statement 1 :
Heat flows naturally from hot objects to cold objects; heat does
not flow spontaneously from cold to hot objects

Statement 2 :
In a cyclic engine it is impossible to convert all the heat
received by the engine into work. There is always heat removed
by the engine.

Statement 3:
Natural processes tend towards disorder (maximum entropy)
 Heat Engine
Heat Engine is a machine that converts heat
energy into useful work
𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝑾
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 (𝜼 ) = =
𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝑸

with

with
Carnot Engine – Ideal Engine
According to Carnot, the heating engine cycle must be reversible and no change
in entropy occurs.
This is an idealization because in reality heat is not completely converted into
work (something is lost in the form of friction/turbulence).
Cooling machine - Refrigerator

It is the opposite of a heat engine.

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

Entropy
Entropy is the degree of disorder of a system.

The greater the entropy of a system, the greater the

degree of disorder of the system.

Iron will gradually rust if left

System 1
unchecked, in this case the entropy
level will increase over time.
System 2

System 3
Natural processes tend toward disorder
System 1 has the lowest entropy compared to systems (maximum entropy)!
2 and 3.
Closing Remarks
• There are many applications of the laws of thermodynamics in
various fields such as environmental science, automotive, food
science, chemistry etc.
• In order to be applicable in these various fields, further study is
needed.