Biradri

 It is group of people, belonging to same caste, intermarrying together. Two or more

families related with one another by marriage is called a biradri.
 The people of Biradri do not live at the same place. They may have different languages,
styles of dresses and customs of marriage.
 The only similarity among them is that they marry with one another and share the birth,
death, marriage and other ceremonies together.
There are two types of Biradris.
 Old Biradris having the same caste are still strong in Pakistani society. They have very
rigid social norms of the Biradri for marriage, customs of marriage and manners of
relationship.
 Modern Biradris, no strict following of the norms is found. Elasticity in Biradri
system is popular in urban areas.
 The modern Biradris are exogamons, they can marry with any caste.
Social Mobility
Every society of the world has social mobility. Though the rate of mobility is different in
all the societies depending upon their cultural conditions.

According to Fairchild “Social mobility is a movement from one condition to another”.

 Movement of an individual or group of people from one condition to another.

 Adoption of a change.

 Rejection of previous social conditions.

 Social mobility is change in occupation, in residential place and in status upward or

downward.
Types of Social Mobility

1. Territorial Mobility
“It is the change of residence one place to another”.
 In rural areas of Pakistan, this mobility is seldom found because the people of a
community dislike to leave their ancestral place of living.
 In urban areas, the people sell on house and purchase another, leave one and get
another on rent, leave one city and migrate to another.
 Some people migrate to cities due to modern facilities of education, health, recreation
and transportation. Some for jobs and some migrate for other reasons.
2. Vertical Mobility

“ It is defined as any upward or downward change in the Absolute or relate rank of any individual
or group”. Promotion in job, change in income, marrying a woman of high status, are the
examples of vertical mobility.

 It is of two types: upward mobility and downward mobility.

 Upward mobility: it is down to upward mobility like promotion.

 Downward mobility: the downward move takes place when there is loss in business, loss in
income and wealth etc.

3. Horizontal Mobility: an alteration of profession with no significant movement up

or and down in the system of social status is called horizontal mobility. For example a manager of
store shifts to another store on the same rank, pay and prestige will be called horizontal mobility.
 Causes of social mobility
1. Dissatisfaction from previous conditions
2. Adoption of new conditions
3. Industrial and Technological Development
4. Education
5. Urbanization
6. Means of communication and Transportation