Nutritional Consideration in the

Prevention and Managementof

Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Applied Nutrition Unit-VIII

Imran Waheed
Demonstrator
(INS-KMU)

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 Objectives
By the end of this presentation the students will be
able to:
• Define diabetes
• Identify different types of diabetes
• Describe the prevalence of DM in Pakistan.
• Describe dietary factors associated with the
diseases.
• Explain the role of weight gain in the Etiology of type
II DM.
• Identify the role of the nurse in prevention and
management of type II DM.
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 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
• Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as
diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders
characterized by a high blood sugar level over
a prolonged period of time.
• Symptoms often include frequent urination,
increased thirst, and increased appetite.

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 Types of Diabetes Mellitus

• Diabetes mellitus Type I

• Diabetes mellitus Type II
• Gestational diabetes

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 Global Prevalence of Diabetes
• According to the International Diabetes Federation
(IDF) 463 million people have diabetes in the world. By
2045 this will rise to 700 million.
• The number of people with diabetes rose from 108
million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014.
• The global prevalence of diabetes among adults
over 18 years of age rose from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in
2014.
• In 2016, an estimated 1.6 million deaths were directly
caused by diabetes.
(WHO Fact Sheet , 8 June 2020)
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 Prevalence of DM in Pakistan
• The current prevalence of type 2 diabetes
mellitus in Pakistan is 11.77% .
• Prevalence of diabetes in adults:17.1%
(IDF)
• In males the prevalence is 11.20% and in females
9.19%.
• The mean prevalence in Sindh province is 16.2%
in males and 11.70 % in females
• In Punjab province it is 12.14% in males and
9.83% in females
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 Conti…
• In Baluchistan province 13.3% among males,
8.9% in females.
• In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) it is 9.2% in males
and 11.60% in females
• The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in
urban areas is 14.81% and 10.34% in rural areas
of Pakistan.
• It is estimated that Pakistan is the 7th largest
country in terms of Diabetes population and it
will be the 4th largest by the year 2030.
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 Dietary Factors Associated With The
Diseases
• High saturated fat intake
• Dairy
• Western diet
• Fast food intake
• Sugary beverages and soda intake
• Alcohol intake

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 Prevention
• Maintain a healthy body weight
• Eat a healthy diet
 Fruits
 Vegetables
 Bread
 Milk
• Exercise at least for 30 minutes daily.

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 Role of Weight Gain in The
Etiology of Type II DM.
• The exact causes of diabetes are still not fully
understood, it is known that factors up the
risk of developing different types of diabetes
mellitus.
• For type 2 diabetes, this includes being
overweight or obese (having a body mass
index – BMI – of 30 or greater).
• Obesity is believed to account for 80-85% of
the risk of developing type 2 diabetes

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 Conti…
• Obese people are up to 80 times more likely
to develop type 2 diabetes than those with a
BMI of less than 22.
• Obesity is also thought to trigger changes to
the body’s metabolism.
• These changes cause fat tissue (adipose
tissue) to release fat molecules into the blood,
• Which can affect insulin responsive cells
and lead to reduced insulin sensitivity.

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 Role of Nurse
• Nurses have a key role in promoting physical
activity and other lifestyle behaviors that reduce
risk of diabetes.
• Structured education is an effective and systematic
way of providing self management and behavior
change strategies for those at risk of diabetes.
• Communicating risk is key to starting the behavior
change process.
• No sweets to be eaten by diabetic patients
• Advise complex carbohydrate instead of simple
• Weight control and exercise are best to manage DM
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 Reference
•
s
Meo SA,Zia I, Bukhari IA,Arain SA.Type 2 diabetes
mellitus in Pakistan: Current prevalence and future
forecast.JPMA. 2016,66, 12
• https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-and-obesity.html
Retrieved on 25/06/2020
• Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration,
and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-
analysis of 102 prospective studies. Emerging Risk
Factors Collaboration.Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR,
Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio et al. Lancet.
2010; 26;375:2215-2222.

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The only time
you mustn't fail
is the last time
you try. Charles Kettering

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