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RPH Report
RPH Report
Nickname: Vebora
Born: (1866- 10- 20) October 20, 1866
Died: July 31, 1945(1945-07-31)
(Aged 78)
Place of Birth: Batac City, Spanish East Indies( present
day Philippines)
Place of Death: Kalinga,Mountain Province, Philippines
Allegiance: First Philippine Republic
Service/Branch: Philippines revolutionary Army
Years of service: 1896-1900
Rank: General
Battles/wars: Philippine Revolution
Philippines-American War
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The following account was written by Gen. Artemio Ricarte (nom-de-gurre: Vobora)
who was one of the Magdiwang faction. During the Tejeros Assembly, he served as the
secretary of the convention when Bonifacio began presiding over the session. Ricarte
was elected in the Tejeros Assembly as Captain-General of the revolutionary
government. He initially refused the position but his objections were overruled by the
electoral body. His account of the Philippine revolution was titled”Apuntes Historicos
de la Insurreccion por los Asociados al ‘Kamahalmahala’t Kataastaasang Katipunan
nang manga Anak ng Bayan’ contra el Gobierno Espanol en las islas Filipinas.” It was
written during his imprisonment for subversion by the American authorities in 1904. It
was translated into English by a Bristish journalist, William Brecknock Watson, but
remained in manuscript form. Ricarte’s memoirs were published in Tagalog in 1927 in
Yokohama, Japan with the title Himagsikan ng Mga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila.
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The Account
Early on the morning of the day set for the assembly (March 22) men filled the Tejeros estate house, among
them not only the chiefs of the Magdiwang but also men of the Magdalo. Among the chiefs of Magdiwang, apart
from the Supremo of the Katipunan, were the following Mariano, Pascual and Santiago Alvarez; Luciano San
Miguel;Mariano Trias Closas; Severino de las Alas and Santos Nocon. Among those of Magdalo were Baldomero
Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, Cayetano Topacio, and Antonio Montenegro.
The session opened under the presidency of Jacinto Lumbreras who, in a few words, explained the purpose
of the meeting. Severino de las Alas rose to address those present and said that before discussing the defense of a
small piece of territory in Cavite, it would be well to consider first the kind of government then existing in the
country, as upon that government would depend whatever defense might be needed. The chairman replied that from
the time the Katipunan was established the country had been ruled by the Supreme Council, the provincial and
popular councils. He repeated that the purpose for which the assembly had been called was one of the great
importance in those critical times. Andres Bonifacio, with permission of the chair, spoke in support of Lumbreras
and his stand in regard to the government and went to explain the significance of the letter “K” in the center of the
sun on the flag, which stands for liberty, as has already been said in the description of the insurgent flag. Severino
de las Alas again addressed the meeting and said that neither the letter “K” on the flag, nor the flag itself, has
anything to do with the character of the government then existing; that is to say, whether it was a monarchy or a
public. Bonifacio replied that the Katipuneros, from the president of the Supreme Council to the most insignificant
member, recognized the principles of Union, Fraternity and Equality, on which account it was very clear that the
government of the Katipunan was rigorously republican in form.
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✣ Antonio Montenegro rose and spoke in support of the de las Alas suggestion and in a louder voice than usual
said that unless some definite understanding was arrived at regarding the matter, the insurgents were mere
groups of tulisanes or, much worse, brutes.
✣ These last words of Antonio Montenegro wounded the pride of Santiago Alvarez, who rose with
glaring eyes and, addressing Montenegro, said: “We insurgents of Cavite and especially of the Magdiwang
government recognize and obey the government established by the Kaitpunan; if you wish to establish any
other kind of government more suited to your fancy, retire your province and conquer territory from the
Spanish government as we have done here, and establish there whatever government you like, and no one
will interfere with you….
✣ The session broke up in disorder, but one hour later, when the passions of the adherents of Santiago
Alvarez and Antonio Montenegro had been pacified, it convened against under the presidency of Andres
Bonifacio because Jacinto Lumbreras said that in as much as they were discussing a subject which was
provided for in the call for the meeting, but which concerned the establishment of a general government for
the insurrection, he ought not to preside at the continuation of the meeting. Then Andres Bonifacio…….. was
chosen by acclamation to be the president at the meeting………..
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