Chapter 1

Characteristics of Power Generation

Systems
 Contents
• Basic Concepts
• Characteristics of power generation units
• Three Phase Models
• Matrix Representation of Networks
• Bus Admittance Matrix
• Bus Impedance Matrix
• Network Reduction Techniques
 Basic Concepts
• power system components
– Generation plant
– Transformers
– Transmission lines
– FACTS devices
– Loads
– HVDC converters
• Phasor representation
• Complex power supplied to a one port
• Conservation of complex power
• Balanced Three phase
 Revise these concepts
• Read Arthur from page 24 to end of chapter
 Example
• For the following system, compute S13,S31,
S23,S32 and SG3 using MATLAB
Characteristics of power generation units

• Steam generation units- steam is generated

using various sources then turbine is driven

• Auxiliary power system- power needed for

operation of unit
 Input output characteristics
• Input-output curve
– Has min and max limit
– Cause – steam generator
• 30% of design
• Incremental heat rate
– Used in ED
• Net heat rate
– H/P ver P
– 30-35% efficient
 Input output characteristics
• Some common types of steam plants
– Large steam plants – sequence of admission valves
 Input output characteristics
• Common header plant- many boilers connected to
common steam line
 Co generation units
• Plants which generate both steam and electric
energy
– Steam is generated for industrial application
– In addition electric power is generated for sell to
the grid
– Sugar factories and other industrial plants have
such type of generators
System expansion plan for EEPCO
 Hyrdo power systems
• With constant net head
 Hydro power plants
• The incremental water rate is flat for constant
head plants
 Hydro power plants
• Pumped hydro power systems
– Operate as electric generating unit when power
requirement is high
– Operate as pumping unit to store water when load
is less
– Either separate units of turbine and pump or
combined turbine-pump system can be used
 Other options
• Possible options for generation in Ethiopia
– Geothermal
– Wind
– Solar
– Biomass
– Coal
• Having mixed power system is more reliable
and secure than hydro dominated system
 Assignments
• Read chapter 2 pages 8-28 of Allen J. Wood
• Search from net world famous manufacturers
of turbine and generator sets for hydro and
steam power plants
• Find for the Ethiopian power generation units
and their characteristics in terms of input-
output characteristics, maintenance
characteristics etc
 Modelling power system components

• Generator model
Generator cross section
 Generator model contd…
• Open circuit voltage
– Voltage due to field current
– Assume ia=ib=ic=0
– For a differential angle d

– Taking over a whole Gaussian surface

 Generator modeling …
• For an N turn concentrated winding

• Assuming uniform rate of rotation

 Generator modeling
• Using circuit conventions
 Generator modeling
• Armature reaction
– Air gap flux due to current in stator windings ia, ib
and ic
 Generator modeling
• Over a small air gap
 Generator modeling
• The spatial flux density distribution is
• Taking Fourier series of the flux density

• With sinusoidal current input

• Taking the effect of other phases
• Terminal voltage
– Obtained using superposition
– Total air gap flux linkage
• Final generator model
 Generator model contd…
• Power delivered
– Round rotor case
 Transmission line models
• Per phase distributed parameter of TL
 TL modeling
• Lumped and simplified models
 Complex power TX over TL
• Consider two generators connected by TL
 Complex power transmission
• Power circle diagram
 Transformer models
• Equivalent pi-model is given by

• Yoc=1/zoc, ysc=1/zsc where zoc is magnetizing

impedance and zsc is short circuit impedance
 Generator dynamic model
• Consider the following symbols
 Generator model, dynamic
• Assume generator is working at steady state,
at fixed standard frequency supplying power
at rated voltage.
• It is required to find change in speed and
power from the nominal steady state value
• Disturbance is load variation
 Generator model, dynamic
• Basic relations

• If the machine is subjected to an accelerating

torque, the speed and phase angle of the
machine change from nominal value by
 Generator model, dynamic
• Then the speed deviation will be

• The net accelerating torque is

• In other way this net torque and net power

can be written as difference between
mechanical and electrical parts:
 Generator model, dynamic
• Writing the net value as deviation from
nominal

• Where

• Substituting the above formulas we have

• Similarly the net torque becomes

 Generator model, dynamic
• Using the basic relation between power and
torque

• Using the relations for the net values derived

above

• The steady state mechanical and electrical

values are equal, hence we have
 Generator model, dynamic
• The net torque is related to the change in
speed as

• Since steady state values of electrical and

mechanical torque are equal

• Hence the overall equation becomes

 Generator model, dynamic
• Using Laplace transform

• The above model is the generator without

load.
• Model with load has to consider the effect of
the change in frequency on the load
 Generator model, dynamic
• Change in load due to change in frequency is
given as

• Hence the combined load and generator

system will be
 Generator model, dynamic
• Example: A 600MVA generating station has
M=7.6 on the machine base. The unit is
supplying a load of 400MVA. The load changes
by 2% for a 1% change in frequency. It is
required to calculate the change in frequency
when the system is subjected to a 10MVA
sudden load increase in 1000MVA base load
 Prime mover model
• For steam turbine

• Hence combined prime mover and generator-

load will be
 Generation control contd…
• Tie-Line Control
– Advantages of tie line connection are
• Power sharing
• Frequency restoring effect
– Consider two areas connected together using tie
line and agreed to share a given power P
 Generation control contd…
• Tie line control
– If both units have same generation characteristics,
they share a load increase equally
– Example: 30MW load increase in area 1 will be
divided equally between the two
– Controller
• Sense where load has increase
• Increase generation of respective area
• Maintain tie line power flow at an agreed value
 Generation control
• Tie line model
– The power flowing over a TL at steady state can be
modeled by

– To calculate the change in flow as a function of

change in phase angle, we take nominal and
deviations which gives
 Generation control
• Tie line model
– Using the relation

– Substituting the above values and changing units

 Generation control contd…
• Tie line control
 Generation control
• Tie line control
– Control rule
 Generation control
• Considering the tie connection, when there is
a change in load of area 1, the frequency
deviation will have same effect on area 2
• At steady state

• For the respective areas

 Generation control
• After making substitutions, the change in
frequency in the two areas will be

• Similarly the change in tie line flow will be

 Generation control
• AGC(Automatic Generation Control)
– Is a mechanism used to compute the required
changes or parameters to optimize the operation
of generators
– The command signal may be a raise or lower
generation command
– Remote control and telemetry is used
 Generation control

Block diagram of a modern AGC software

 Generation control
• AGC implementation
– To implement AGC
• A) unit MW output
• B) MW output in tie line
• C) System frequency have to be known
– digital computers are used
• Command signal is encrypted in digital signal and the
length of pulse shows the amount of the change in
generation
 Assignments
• 1) Read pages 341 to 356 of the text book
• 2) Give a simplified view of excitation control and its
control configurations
• 3) Explain the effect of excitation on stability
• 4) Explain the term ACE(area control error)
• 5) Toshiba is a well known manufacturer of hydraulic
turbines, governors and generators. Refer Toshiba
website and list some of the specifications of Toshiba
hydraulic turbines, governors and generators
 Bus Admittance Matrix
• Bus admittance matrix is a matrix which
relates the injected current to the voltage
 Rules for Y bus formation
• Steps / rules

• Can be applied to PS components or networks

 Example
• Find the y bus for the transformer and TL
connection shown below
 Admittance matrix
• For larger networks, the steps can be written
in a program using MATLAB
 Network solution
• Finding V from given I values involves inverting Y
matrix
• Gaussian elimination and triangular factorization

• Where L and U are lower and upper triangular

factors of Y bus matrix
• Splitting the equation
Example in triangular factorization
• Suppose we have a 3 by 3 matrix M
 LU factorization algorithm
• Given an n by n Y matrix
 Bus Impedance Matrix
• Inverse of Y bus is the impedance matrix

• Where

• Zkk is Thevenin equivalent of network at node

k
 Network Reduction Techniques
• Bus with no generator or load
– Has no current injection
– Can be eliminated
– Krone reduction
• Reduction of size of Y matrix from n by n to n-k by n-k
where k is the number of buses with no current
injection
 Krone reduction
• Consider a 3 by 3 Y matrix and nodal equation

• Step 1- write V3 in terms of V1 and V2

• Step 2- substitute into eq. 1 and eq. 2
• Step 3- obtain the new Y matrix as 2 by 2
 Krone reduction contd…
• For a general n by n matrix
– Assume node k has zero current injection

– Where is ij element of the new admittance

matrix