Unit 5

Three phase Load Flow

 Contents
• Three phase load flow notation
– Specified variables
– Derivation of equation
• AC-DC load flow
– Introduction
– Formulation of problem
– D.C. system model
– Converter variables
– Derivation of equations
– Inverter operation
– Generalized flow chart for equation solution
 Three phase load flow notation
• Is load flow of unbalanced operation of
interconnected system
• Objective
– Find the state of 3 phase power system under
specified generation, load and system
configuration
• Total number of bus bars n
• Number of generator buses ng
 Specified variables
• Slack bus voltage and angle
• Internal voltage at all other generator buses and
their angles
• The three voltage magnitudes and angles at each
generator terminal
• Individual phase real and reactive power at all
buses
• Voltage regulator spec at each synch machine
• The total real power generation of each machine
 Derivation
• Three phase system

• Y matrix is different
– Each phase is represented independently
– All inductive and capacitive mutual couplings are
modeled
 Change in power is then
• For each of the three phases and generator
and load bus

• For every generator

• For every generator
 AC-DC load flow
• Advantages of HVDC
– Economical
– Means to connect systems of different frequency
– Connects systems with problem of stability or fault
• AC-DC load flow
– Analysis of load flow condition of combined system
– Variables
• Vector of angles
• all voltage at AC buses
• Vector of DC variables
 Problem formulation
• Real power mismatch at converter terminal
 Problem formulation contd…
• Injected powers

Where x is a vector of DC variables

• The equations derived from ac system are
then
• From the dc system condition

• Where k runs from 1 to number of converters

present
 General ac-dc system
• For a general ac-dc system
 D.C. system model
• Assumptions for selection of variables
 Converter variables
• Balanced condition
– Converter bridges operate identically if attached
to same ac bus bar
 Converter variables contd…
• Single phase equivalent circuit
 Derivation of equations
• For the above system models

• Fundamental current and dc current are

related as
1
• Is and Ip are related as
2
 Derivation of equations contd…
• Dc voltage and ac source are related as

• Dc current and voltage relation

• Real power equation

 Derivation of equation contd…
• Transformer is lossless
3

• Fundamental current flow across transformer

4
• Combining 1,2,3 and 4
Final DC model summary
• The power relations
 Inverter operation
• During inversion
– Extinction angle is control variable
Generalized flow chart for equation solution

• Iteration equations
AC-DC load
flow