CPEN 55

Computer Hardware Fundamentals

CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER

The computer we know today is a

result of various improvements made
since the 19th century by an English
Mathematics Professor named Charles
Babbage.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Babbage designed the Analytical

Engine in 1837 where the basic
framework of computers today are
based on.
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Computer Hardware Fundamentals

A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER

The first electronic digital

computer in 1937 was the
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).

In 1943, a computer called

Colossus was built for military.
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Computer Hardware Fundamentals

A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Developments continued until 1946

when the first general-purpose
computer was made. Over the course
of 1947 to 1962, the computer was
introduced to the public and
programming languages were then
developed. Computers had memory,
operating systems, tapes, disks, and
printers.
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Computer Hardware Fundamentals

A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Since 1963, the computers started
becoming smaller and more powerful.
The PC or personal computer we know
today is introduced in 1980 from MS-
Dos.

MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System

and is also known as Microsoft DOS. MS-DOS was the
Microsoft-marketed version of the first operating system
(OS) to be widely installed on personal computers (PCs). It
was essentially the same OS that Bill Gates's young
company developed for IBM as Personal Computer - Disk
Operating System (PC-DOS).
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Computer Hardware Fundamentals

A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER

The computer is still being improved

today and many functions are still being
developed to make human tasks easier
and faster.
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Computer Hardware Fundamentals

COMPUTER
The term computer is
derived from the word compute,
which means to calculate.

A computer is an electronic
device that can accept data and
instruction (input), process the
data according to specified
rules (process), produce results
(output), and store the results
(storage) for future use.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

STORE

Information Processing Cycle

CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

TYPES OF COMPUTER
1. Supercomputer
2. Mainframe Computer
3. Minicomputer
4. Microcomputer
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Computer Hardware Fundamentals

SUPERCOMPUTER
Most powerful and most advance in
terms of performance and data
processing. These computers are
commonly used by large organizations
to conduct specific tasks such as
weather forecasting, research, and
exploration.
The IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer "Intrepid" at Argonne National
Laboratory runs 164,000 processor cores using normal data center air
conditioning, grouped in 40 racks/cabinets connected by a high-speed 3D
torus network.
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Computer Hardware Fundamentals

MAINFRAME COMPUTER
Large and expensive computer
capable of handling thousands of users
and programs simultaneously.
Mainframe computers can handle,
process, and store large amount of
data. These are commonly stored in
large air-conditioned rooms because of
its big size. A pair of IBM mainframes. On the left is the IBM z Systems z13. On the
right is the IBM LinuxONE Rockhopper.
 CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

MINICOMPUTER
Also known as midrange
computers. It features all the functions
of a large size computer, but has a
smaller size. Minicomputers can
support many users because of its
multi-processing system.

The K-202 was capable of running about one million operations per
second; however, its instruction set was not well suited to the typical tasks,
making practical performance somewhat lower.
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Computer Hardware Fundamentals

MICROCOMPUTER
Most widely used and fastest
growing type of computer. Desktop
computers, laptops, tablets, and
smartphones are types of
microcomputers.

Microcomputers are small, low-cost and single-user digital computer. They

consist of CPU, input unit, output unit, storage unit and the software.
Although microcomputers are stand-alone machines, they can be
connected together to create a network of computers that can serve more
than one user.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

FUNDAMENTALS OF
COMPUTER
1. System Unit
2. Input Devices
3. Output Devices
 CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

SYSTEM UNIT – acts

like the center or core,
processing the data and
information it receives from
OUTPUT DEVICES – the input
These are devices that
produce information to the
real world.

INPUT DEVICES – Any

hardware device that
sends data to a computer,
allowing you to interact and
control the computer.

Fundamentals of computer
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

The complete computer made up of the CPU, memory and related

electronics (main cabinet), all the peripheral devices connected to it and its
operating system.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

COMPUTER SYSTEMS DIVISION

1. CLIENT
2. SERVERS
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

Processing devices are the

components responsible for the
processing of information within
the computer system. This
includes devices such as the
CPU, memory and motherboard.
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Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

1. MOTHERBOARD

The motherboard is also known

as mainboard, system board,
logic board, or MOBO. It holds
and allows communication
between the crucial components
of the computer such as the
CPU and memory. It also
provides connection for other
peripherals. This provides the
path which the processor (CPU)
communicates with all the
components of the computer.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

1. MOTHERBOARD

There are several components that are attached to

the motherboard. These include:

a) Chip
b) Bus
c) Integrated Circuit
d) Microprocessor
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

1. MOTHERBOARD

There are several components that are attached to

the motherboard. These include:

a) Chip - small piece of semiconducting material,

where more integrated circuits are embedded.
They have standard-sized pin connectors that
allows them to be attached to the motherboard.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

1. MOTHERBOARD

There are several components that are attached to

the motherboard. These include:

b) Bus - an electrical path that enables data flow

between various system components.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

1. MOTHERBOARD

There are several components that are attached to

the motherboard. These include:

c) Integrated Circuits (IC) - contains microscopic

pathways that carry electric current. The IC
contains millions of elements such as resistors,
capacitators, and transistors. Many different kinds
of chips are located in the motherboard
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

1. MOTHERBOARD

There are several components that are attached to

the motherboard. These include:

d) Microprocessor - this is the central processing

unit on a chip.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES
1. MOTHERBOARD

Different variety of chip packages:

a) Dual Inline Package (DIP) - this has two parallel

rows of pints that attach the chip package to the
circuit board
b) Pin Grid Array (PGA) - holds a larger number of
pins because the pins are mounted on the
surface of the package.
c) Single Edge Contact (SEC) Cartridge - does
not use pins but connects to one of the edges in
the motherboard.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES
1. MOTHERBOARD

Form factors - form factor of motherboards pertains

to the size and shape of the board. It also describes
the physical layout of the different components and
devices on the motherboard. Various form factors
exist for motherboards:

a) Advanced Technology (AT)

b) Micro-ATX
c) Mini-ATX
d) Nano-ATX
e) Pico-ATX
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES
1. MOTHERBOARD

The function of the northbridge is primarily a fast path between

the CPU and the video bus and system RAM. While the
southbridge connects with the slow hardware/components of
the system.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

2.CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT (CPU)

Commonly known as the CPU or

processor, this is the brain of the
computer. It interprets and carries out
the basic instructions to operate a
computer.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES
2.CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
(CPU)

Nowadays, processors have multiple cores

called multi-core processors. This means that
the processor is a single chips that has two or
more separate processors. There are two kinds
of common multi-core processors today:

1. Dual Core Processor – chip that contains

two separate processors
2. Quad Core Processor – chip with four
separate processors AMD and Intel are the two most popular
brands of processors in the market nowadays.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES
2.CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
(CPU)

Bundled with the processors are the heat sinks.

A heat sink consists of metal fins that draw
heat away from a component. The fan and heat
sink together are called the processor cooler.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

3. MEMORY

Computer memory is any physical

device capable of storing
information temporarily, like RAM
(random access memory), or
permanently, like ROM (read-only
memory). Memory devices utilize
integrated circuits and are used by
operating systems, software, and
hardware.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES
3. MEMORY

Classification of Memory:

a) Volatile Memory - Volatile memory

loses its contents when the computer or
hardware device loses power. Computer
RAM is an example of volatile memory.

b) Non-volatile Memory - sometimes

abbreviated as NVRAM, keeps its
contents even if the power is lost.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES
3. MEMORY

Types of Memory:

a) Random Access Memory (RAM) - RAM is a

common computing acronym that stands for
random-access memory. Sometimes it’s called
PC memory or just memory. In essence, RAM is
your computer’s short-term memory. It’s where
the data is stored that your computer processor
needs to run your applications and open your
files.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

Types of Random Access Memory (RAM):

a. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) - This kind of RAM needs to be recharged by the CPU. If
not, it loses its contents. There are many variations of DRAM such as:

1. Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) - faster than DRAM because it is synchronized

to the system clock
2. Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM - faster than SDRAM because they transfer
data twice for each clock cycle
3. DDR2 AND DDR3 SDRAM - faster than DDR SDRAM
4. Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) - type of DRAM faster than SDRAM that uses
pipelining techniques
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

Types of Random Access Memory (RAM):

b. Static RAM (SRAM) - This kind is faster and more reliable than any form of DRAM.
Unlike the DRAM, this does not need to be re-energized. However, it is much more
expensive and it used for special purposes.

c. Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) - This kind stores data using magnetic charges
instead of electrical charges. It has greater storage capacity, consume less power, and
faster access times.

“The more RAM a computer has, the faster the computer

will be.”
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES
3. MEMORY

Types of Memory:

b) Read Only Memory (ROM) - ROM is an acronym

for Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer
memory chips containing permanent or semi-
permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-
volatile; even after you turn off your computer,
the contents of ROM will remain.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES
3. MEMORY

How is memory used?

When a program, such as your Internet

browser, is open, it is loaded from your hard
drive and placed into RAM. This process
allows that program to communicate with
the processor at higher speeds. Anything
you save to your computer, such as
pictures or videos, is sent to your hard drive
for storage.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

4. STORAGE DEVICES

Storage devices store data and

programs. These hold data,
information, and programs
permanently
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

4. STORAGE DEVICES

Types of storage devices:

a) Solid State Drive (SSD) - mass

storage device that stores data in a
permanent state even without
power. Similar to an HDD’s
function, only the internal
components are different. SSDs do
not have moving parts but store
data on magnetic platters making
use of flash memory.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

4. STORAGE DEVICES

Types of storage devices:

b) Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - hard

disk, also called hard disk drive or
hard drive, magnetic storage
medium for a computer. Hard disks
are flat circular plates made of
aluminum or glass and coated with
a magnetic material. Hard disks for
personal computers can store
terabytes (trillions of bytes) of
information.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

4. STORAGE DEVICES

Each drive has two

connections for cables: the
power cable connects to the
power supply and another
cable, used for data and
instructions, connects to the
motherboard.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

4. STORAGE DEVICES

Types of storage devices:

c) Flash Drive - highly portable

small data storage devices making
use of flash memory and a
Universal Serial Bus (USB) port
connection.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PROCESSING DEVICES

4. STORAGE DEVICES

Types of storage devices:

c) Compact Disc (CD) - this

storage device can hold up to 700
MB; it is read by an optical drive
through a laser.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

INPUT DEVICES

An input device is any

hardware device that sends data
to a computer, allowing you to
interact with and control it.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

MOUSE - Primary input device

used to navigate and interact with
the monitor output.

KEYBOARD - Primary input

device used to input alphanumeric
data and commands to the
computer.

INPUT DEVICES SCANNER - Scans documents

and converts them digitally, which
can be edited on a computer.

JOYSTICK - Device used to

control video games, aside from
the keyboard.

WEBCAM - Small cameras

attached to a monitor or desk that
record or broadcast video.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

OUTPUT DEVICES

Output devices enable the

computer to show the processed
data and information
understandably to the user.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

MONITOR - acts as the primary

display of the unit where the user
interface and programs are
reflected.

PRINTER - prints paper

documents, photographs, and other
outputs called hard copies which OUTPUT DEVICES
are physical versions of the
documents.

SPEAKER - sound system

device that produce audio output
from the computer.
 CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

POWER SUPPLY

The following are the basic connector you can see

in a power supply:

a. ATX 24 pin main power connector is the standard

motherboard power connector used in nearly every
computer.
b. SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) 15
pin power supply connector is one of several
standard peripheral power connectors. SATA power
connectors only connect to SATA drives like hard
drives and optical drives. SATA power connectors do
not work with older PATA (Parallel Advanced
Technology Attachment) devices.
c. Molex 4 pin power supply connector is a standard
peripheral power connector. Molex power connectors
connect to many different kinds of internal peripherals
including PATA hard drives and optical drives, some
video cards, and even some other devices.
 CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

POWER SUPPLY

The following are the basic connector you can see

in a power supply:

d. Floppy drive 4 pin power supply connector is the

standard floppy drive power connector. The floppy
power connector, also called a Berg connector or Mini-
Molex connector, is included in even the newest power
supplies even though floppy drives are becoming
obsolete.
e. ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) 4 pin power
supply connector is a standard motherboard power
connector used to provide +12 VDC to the processor
voltage regulator. This small connector usually attaches
to the motherboard near the CPU.
f. ATX 6 pin power supply connector is a motherboard
power connector used to provide +12 VDC to the
processor voltage regulator but the 4-pin variety is the
more commonly used connector. This small connector
usually attaches to the motherboard near the CPU.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

EXPANSION CARDS

An expansion card, also

called an adapter card, is a circuit
board that provides more ports
than those provided by the
motherboard.

There are also other variants of expansion

cards such as network cards, sound cards,
video capture cards, interface cards, and
other expansion cards that cater to whatever
the computer user for his/her needs and
improvements for the system.
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PORTS
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

PORTS
CPEN 55
Computer Hardware Fundamentals

SOCKETS

Types of CPU Socket:

1. Pin Grid Array (PGA)
2. Zero Insertion Force (ZIF)