Renewable

ENERGY

Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT

Ir. Denny Suwanda, MS
Dr. Chairul Nas
Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian dan Energi
Universitas Trisakti
2014 - 2015
 • Energy Definition
STATISTIC OF • Energy Classification
ENERGY
• Statistic of Energy

• Geothermal
• Solar
RENEWABLE • Wind
ENERGY • Hydro
• Tidal and Wave
• Biomass
 • Energy Definition
STATISTIC • Energy Classification
OF ENERGY
• Statistic of Energy

• Geothermal
• Solar
RENEWABLE • Wind
ENERGY • Hydro
• Tidal and Wave
• Biomass
 Energy Definition
• Energy: the power which one use in working
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

• Characteristics of a good source of energy

– It should have a high energy output per unit mass or
volume.
– It should be easily available.
– It should be easy to store and transport.
– It should be economical.
The Different Level of Energy

GE, 2011
 Energy Classification

Non Renewable
Renewable ENERGY

Fossil Non-fossil

Geotherma Tidal and

Conventional Unconventional Solar Wind Hydro Biomass
l Wave

Natural Shale Tight sand Gas

Coal Oil CBM
Gas oil/gas gas Hydrate
Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust
include: coal, oil, natural gas, geothermal & uranium
Fossil fuels – Non renewable energy
Are fuels formed inside the earth from the remains of plants
and animals after millions of years. The fossil fuels are coal,
petroleum and natural gas. Fossil fuels are non renewable
sources of energy so they should be conserved and used
judiciously.

Non fossil - Renewable energy

Is derived from natural processes that are replenished
constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun,
or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the
definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind,
ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and
biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources
(Wikipedia).
Fossil fuels – Non renewable energy

The advantages
1. It's easy and cheap to use.
2. There is no better way to store transfer and use energy than
gasoline for powering motor vehicles.
3. It's quick to pump fossil fuel into a car.
4. Its stable in the tank and a gas tank hold quite a bit, and a gasoline
powered car is cheap to manufacture.

The disadvantages
5. Burning of fossil fuels release gases and harmful particles which
causes air pollution.
6. Burning of fossil fuels release acidic oxides of sulphur and nitrogen
which causes acid rain which is harmful for living organisms, affects
soil and water, causes damage to buildings, corrosion of metals etc.
7. Burning of fossil fuels release a large amount of carbon dioxide gas
which increases the temperature of the atmosphere and causes
global warming (green house effect).
Non fossil - Renewable energy

The Advantages
1. One major advantage with the use of renewable energy is that as it is renewable it is therefore sustainable
and so will never run out.
2. Renewable energy facilities generally require less maintenance than traditional generators. Their fuel being
derived from natural and available resources reduces the costs of operation.
3. Even more importantly, renewable energy produces little or no waste products such as carbon dioxide or
other chemical pollutants, so has minimal impact on the environment.
4. Renewable energy projects can also bring economic benefits to many regional areas, as most projects are
located away from large urban center and suburbs of the capital cities. These economic benefits may be
from the increased use of local services as well as tourism.
The Disadvantages
5. It is easy to recognize the environmental advantages of utilizing the alternative and renewable forms of
energy but we must also be aware of the disadvantages.
6. One disadvantage with renewable energy is that it is difficult to generate the quantities of electricity that
are as large as those produced by traditional fossil fuel generators. This may mean that we need to reduce
the amount of energy we use or simply build more energy facilities. It also indicates that the best solution
to our energy problems may be to have a balance of many different power sources.
7. Another disadvantage of renewable energy sources is the reliability of supply. Renewable energy often
relies on the weather for its source of power. Hydro generators need rain to fill dams to supply flowing
water. Wind turbines need wind to turn the blades, and solar collectors need clear skies and sunshine to
collect heat and make electricity. When these resources are unavailable so is the capacity to make energy
from them. This can be unpredictable and inconsistent. The current cost of renewable energy technology is
also far in excess of traditional fossil fuel generation. This is because it is a new technology and as such has
extremely large capital cost.
 Statistic of Energy
The Component of Energy Demands

GE, 2011
N.B. 2005 Global Consumption: 10GTEP excluding wood and biomasses Source: A. Clerici, Rome Energy Meeting

2006 6
 Peak Oil
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert.jpg

Era of
energy
crisis

Hubbert (1903-1989)
• In 1956, Hubbert predicted that global oil production would peak
around the Year 2000 and trigger an Energy Crisis with power
blackouts and rising costs of energy and fuel
14
 Projected World Energy Demand
Careers in
Oil & Gas
Remain Important Hydroelectric
1993

New Technologies
100
100 BILLION
BARRELS Solar, Wind
Geothermal
80
80
World Energy Demand
Coal Nuclear Electric
60
(BBOE/Year)
Natural
Gas
40

Fossil Fuels
Decreasing
Crude Oil
20

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 3000
after Edwards, AAPG 8/97
 Indonesia Oil’s
Resources and
Reserves
6/26/14 16
Indonesia Oil and Gas Situation
1. Oil Production Declining. Oil production in Indonesia
is dominated by onshore mature fields that are
experiencing rapid rates of decline (5 – 15%), yet
hold significant remaining reserves.
2. Less new giant field discovery.
3. Some of the current obstacles to brown fields
revitalization in Indonesia.
4. Common blockers include a lack of appropriate
technology, poor process, conflicting objectives,
unacceptable risk, and economic disincentives.
5. Declining the National Oil R/P.

6/26/14 17
 INDONESIA
Oil Production and Consumption
1800

1600

1400
Thousands Barrels / Day

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Year

Oil Production Oil Consumption

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014)
6/26/14 18
 INDONESIA
Gas Production and Consumption
90.0

80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0
BCM

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Year

Gas Production Gas Consumption

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014)
6/26/14 19
 INDONESIA
Oil and Gas Reserves
25.0

20.0
Reserves (BBOE)

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Year

Gas Reserve Oil Reserve

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014)

6/26/14 20
 INDONESIA
R/P Ratio of Oil and Gas
80

70

60

50

40
Year

30

20

10

0
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Year

Gas Oil
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014)

6/26/14 21
 INDONESIA
Contribution of CO2 Emission
600.0

500.0

400.0
Million Tones

300.0

200.0

100.0

-
65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Year

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2014)

6/26/14 22
 INDONESIA: Oil production forecast to 2050

2000
Thousands of barrels of oil per day

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

© Energyfiles Ltd Year

23
 • Energy Definition
STATISTIC OF • Energy Classification
ENERGY
• Statistic of Energy

• Geothermal
• Solar
RENEWABLE • Wind
ENERGY • Hydro
• Tidal and Wave
• Biomass
Renewable energy

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012

© BP 2012
 Non Fossil (Renewable) Energy

• Geothermal
• Solar
• Wind
• Hydro
• Tidal and wave
• Biomass
Renewable vs Non-renewable
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
The word geothermal comes
from the Greek words geo
(earth) and therme (heat), and
means the heat of the earth.
Earth's interior heat originated
from its fiery consolidation
from dust and gas over 4
billion years ago and is
continually regenerated from
the decay of radioactive
elements that occur in all
rocks.
• Heat flows outward from
Earth's interior. The crust
insulates us from Earth's
interior heat. The mantle
is semi-molten, the
outer core is liquid and
the inner core is solid.
• The deeper you go, the
hotter it gets (in Celsius
and kilometers).
New crust forms along mid-ocean spreading centers and continental rift
zones. When plates meet, one can slide beneath another. Plumes of
magma rise from the edges of sinking plates.
Earth's crust is broken
into huge plates that
move apart or push
together at about the
rate our fingernails
grow. Convection of
semi-molten rock in
the upper mantle helps
drive plate tectonics.
 INDONESIA’S GEOTHERMAL ENERGY POTENTIAL

Reserves : 13.060 MWe

Resources : 14.080 MWe
Sumatera
Reserves : 5,847 MWe Sulawesi
Medan
Resources : 4,681 MWe Reserves : 896 MWe
Resources : 1,050 MWe
Manado

Tanjung Karang

Semarang
Bandung

Jawa – Bali Others

Reserves : 5,526 MWe Reserves : 801 MWe
Resources : 4,037 MWe Resources
MAGMA: 1,019 MWe

Geothermal location
SOLAR ENERGY
 What is Solar Energy?
• Originates with the
thermonuclear fusion
reactions occurring in
the sun.
• Represents the entire
electromagnetic
radiation (visible light,
infrared, ultraviolet, x-
rays, and radio waves).
 Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages
• All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of
the thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the
sun, while only pure radiant energy reaches the Earth.
• Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By one
calculation, 30 days of sunshine striking the Earth have
the energy equivalent of the total of all the planet’s
fossil fuels, both used and unused!
• Disadvantages
• Sun does not shine consistently.
• Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we
must concentrate it into an amount and form that we
can use, such as heat and electricity.
• Addressed by approaching the problem through:
1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage.
 How much solar energy?

The surface receives about 47% of the total solar

energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is
usable.
WIND ENERGY
 A Growing Industry Worldwide
• Wind Energy is • What is wind?
• What is wind energy?

increasing at a • What are the Pros and Cons of

wind energy?

rate of • Where have wind farms been

developed?
approximately • How does wind energy affect
the local Community?
30% annually. • Who benefits from wind energy
production?
• Can wind energy improve global
warming and climate change?
 What is Wind Energy?
• Wind energy is the converting of wind power
to electrical power through the use of
windmills or turbines.
• Farmed electricity is sent to transformers
where voltage is increased and sent to the
power grid via transmission lines.
 Windmill versus Turbine
On farms and
On the open plain:
residences: • Innovative use
• Originally was began in the 1970‘s.
used to generate • Large scale use
electricity and began in the 1990’s.
pump water • Have 2 or 3 blades,
from the ground. 330 ft or more.
• They had • The pitch can be
multiple blades changed to achieve
with a fixed a higher or lower
pitch. Roscoe Texas
efficiency.
• (1900 – 1930)
Positive Attributes of Wind Energy
• Wind Energy is a true option to fossil
fuels, and nuclear energy.
• Wind Energy decreases the need for
fossil fuels to generate electricity.
• It is a clean, variable, and unlimited
resource with no waste products or
pollutants.
 Negative Attributes of Wind Energy 1
• Turbines are large, bulky, & noisy (55 db). This noise is about
the level of a soft conversation.
• Wind farm turbines are very expensive to set up and require
many acres for efficient functioning with little air turbulence.
• Turbine maintenance is regular; the dangerous height has led
to fatal accidents.
• Limited wind speeds between 12 - 55 mph can be used to
produce 50 – 300 kW of electricity.
• A brake is used in high wind speeds to prevent damage.
 Negative Attributes of Wind Energy 2
• Transmission lines connect wind farms to the power grid and
are limited to a maximum voltage.
• People dislike transmission lines changing the landscape.
• Turbines are hazardous to wildlife. Migratory birds have flown
into turbines and been killed.
• Hurricanes or tornados may occur and cause damage where
wind farms are most efficient.
• Off-shore concerns include hurricanes, wave action, seabed
volatility, birds and marine wild life, navigation, tourism,
servicing and maintenance.
 As Demand Increases,
Supply is Affected
The rapid
growth of the
industry has led
to a shortage of
turbine
supplies!

Megawatts of Wind Energy Globally in 2002 vs. 2007

 Wind Farms …
… can be land based, like Spain. … can be offshore, like Denmark.
Who benefits from wind energy production?

Locally, Nationally, Internationally: Wind Energy in Bolivia:

• Industrialized nations,
especially North America and
Europe benefit now.
• India and China have
increasing growth.
• Russia and the Ukraine
should pursue wind energy.
• Wind energy could be used to
create fresh drinking water by Rural areas in South America
powering desalinization benefit from wind energy!
plants, which need constant
power.
Can Wind Energy improve global warming and climate
change?

Yes!
Wind energy can have a positive, immediate
affect on the earth’s atmosphere by reducing
how much CO2 is produced, only if wind farms
replace electricity generated by coal, oil, and
natural gas.
 Conclusions

• Wind Energy is a renewable resource that

benefits the local communities (villages,
towns, and cities) by providing people with
jobs and clean electricity.
• Wind energy can decrease CO2 in the
atmosphere and slow global warming!
• Countries can use this technology to help the
environment and meet electricity demands!
HYDRO ENERGY
 Overview of Hydropower
• Hydropower is a conventional energy form since it has been in
existence so long
• Hydro falls within the renewable category since solar energy powers
the rainfall cycle; some people want to remove (breach) dams to get
rid of blockages to travel, to see the canyon, and to stabilize river flows
• The latter makes for controversy in salmon areas as dams may
interfere with spawning [ed. note: Do those who want salmon to
“swim free” eat salmon steaks in Berkeley, California fern-garden
restaurants?]
• Only ~10% of potential water flows are currently used
• Georgia Tech researching tidal flows
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/projects.html#mhtma

100317
 Sources of Water Power
• Impoundments such as dams hold back water to increase the
head and store water for use in droughts
– High pressure turbines use high pressure streams and
relatively lower volumes of water
• “Run of river” dams don’t store water in a deep reservoir but
merely channel it to the turbines
– These turbines run with large volumes and low pressures
• Many dams control flooding downstream and have no
hydropower generators

http://www.miamiconservancy.org/Flood_Protection_&_Water_Management/Great_Flood_of_1913/

090317
 Issues and Trends
• The optimum locations for major dams have already been
exploited; many smaller dams have been opened
• Large dams are currently under attack by some who feel
that they should be breached to “restore the natural river
flows” and “to let the river run free”
– This lack of dams often led to massive floods and loss of life in the
past
• Further large installations are unlikely, although many small
stream systems are still being developed
• Droughts have reduced water flow in the Northwest,
impacting the energy supply and increasing prices
• The reservoir behind large impoundment dams can
generate GHG due to decomposition of plant material
050322
Top ten countries (in terms of capacity)
COUNTRY POWER CAPACITY INSTALLED
(GWh) CAPACITY (GW)

TAJIKISTAN 527000 4000

CANADA 341312 66954
USA 319484 79511
BRAZIL 285603 57517
CHINA 204300 65000
RUSSIA 160500 44000
NORWAY 121824 27528
JAPAN 84500 27229
INDIA 82237 22083
FRANCE 77500 77500
 Conclusion
• The majority of logical hydropower sites were developed
long ago
• There are still some dams in construction, like China’s
Three Gorges 18 GW dam (final touches)
• Africa has only 7% hydro potential developed
• Hydropower in the US West was a result of President
Hoover’s work program to increase employment during a
depression and also to provide cheap electricity to spur
commerce in the West
• Small hydropower on the scale of remote home energy is
still developing
• Hydropower provides inexpensive electricity in the US
Northwest, primarily from the huge Columbia River
070315
TIDAL ENERGY
 Energy from the moon
• Tides generated by the
combination of the moon and sun’s
gravitational forces
• Greatest affect in spring when
moon and sun combine forces
• Bays and inlets amplify the height
of the tide
• In order to be practical for energy
production, the height difference
needs to be at least 5 meters
• Only 40 sites around the world of
this magnitude
• Overall potential of 3000 giga watts
from movement of tides
 Advantages
• No pollution
• Renewable resource
• More efficient than wind because of the density of
water
• Predictable source of energy vs. wind and solar
• Second generation has very few disadvantages
– Does not affect wildlife
– Does not affect silt deposits
– Less costly – both in building and maintenance
 Disadvantages
• Presently costly
– Expensive to build and maintain
– A 1085MW facility could cost as much as 1.2 billion dollars to
construct and run
• Connection to the grid
• Technology is not fully developed
• Barrage style only produces energy for about 10 hours
out of the day
• Barrage style has environmental affects
– Such as fish and plant migration
– Silt deposits
– Local tides change- affects still under study
 How it works
• First generation, barrage-style
tidal power plants
• Works by building Barrage to
contain water after high tide,
then water has to pass through
a turbine to return to low tide
• Sites in France (La Rance),
Canada (Annapolis), and Russia
• Future sites possibly on Severn
River in England, San Francisco
bay, Passamaquoddy
La Rance tidal power plant at St. Malo, France.
WAVE ENERGY
 Wave Facts:
• Waves are caused by a number of forces, i.e. wind, gravitational pull from the sun
and moon, changes in atmospheric pressure, earthquakes etc. Waves created by
wind are the most common waves. Unequal heating of the Earth’s surface
generates wind, and wind blowing over water generates waves.
• This energy transfer results in a concentration of the energy involved: the initial
solar power level of about 1 kW/m2 is concentrated to an average wave power
level of 70kW/m of crest length. This figure rises to an average of 170 kW/m of
crest length during the winter, and to more than 1 MW/m during storms.
• Wave energy performance measures are characterized by diffuse energy,
enormous forces during storms, and variation over wide range in wave size,
length, period, and direction.
• Wave energy is an irregular and oscillating low-frequency energy source that must
be converted to a 60-Hertz frequency before it can be added to the electric utility
grid.
 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
• The energy is free - no fuel needed, no waste produced.
• Most designs are inexpensive to operate and maintain.
• Waves can produce a great deal of energy.
• There are minimal environmental impacts.
Disadvantages
• Depends on the waves - sometimes you'll get loads of energy, sometimes
nothing.
• Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently strong.
• Must be able to withstand very rough weather.
• Disturbance or destruction of marine life
• Possible threat to navigation from collisions because the wave energy devices
rise only a few feet above the water.
• Degradation of scenic ocean front views from wave energy devices located near
or on the shore, and from onshore overhead electric transmission lines.
Conclusion:
• Waves harness a lot of the sun’s power, but they are better for surfing than
generating electricity.
 World Wave Power Resources

• World Energy Council 2001 Survey stated the "potential exploitable wave energy" resources
worldwide to be 2 TW. For European waters the resource was estimated to be able to cover more
than 50% of the total power consumption.
• The wave market is estimated at $32 billion in the United Kingdom and $800 billion worldwide.
• The United States has exhibited weak effort compared to overseas projects in Norway, Denmark,
Japan and the United Kingdom.
• As of 1995, 685 kilowatts (kW) of grid-connected wave generating capacity was operating worldwide.
This capacity comes from eight demonstration plants ranging in size from 350 kW to 20 kW.
• Until recently the commercial use of wave power has been limited to small systems of tens to
hundreds of watts aboard generate power
BIOMASS ENERGY

Sources from:
Leann Baer
Brooke Edwards
Nisarg Joshi
Josh Olzinski
 OVERVIEW
• Biomass is a renewable energy source that is
derived from living or recently living organisms.
• Biomass includes biological material, not
organic material like coal.
• Energy derived from biomass is mostly used to
generate electricity or to produce heat.
• Thermal energy is extracted by means of
combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification.
• Biomass can be chemically and biochemically
treated to convert it to a energy-rich fuel.
http://www.coralreefmedia.com/types-of-biomass.jpg
 GEOGRAPHIC AREAS
• Comes from the
forest
• Can also come
from plant and
animal waste
• Wood and waste
can be found
virtually anywhere
• Transportation
costs
 Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
• Renewable resource
• Reduces landfills
• Protects clean water supplies
• Reduces acid rain and smog
• Reduces greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide, Methane

Disadvantages
• Crop and forest residues often contain high
concentrations of important nutrients
• If the residue is harvested as energy, the nutrients can be
lost to the surrounding environment.
• Other synthetic chemical nutrients or fertilizers can later
be added
• More plants and trees must be planted, because they will
be used in a higher quantity
 Reported yields for biomass crops
Biomass Oil-content Bio-diesel Bio-diesel
(Mt/ha/yr) (% dry mass) (Mt/ha/yr) (bbl/ha/yr)
Soya
1-2.5 20% 0.2-0.5 1.4-3.5

Rapeseed 3 40% 1.2 8.2

Palmoil 19 20% 3.7 26.4

Jatropha 7.5-10 30-50% 2.2-5.3 16-38

Microalgae 140-255 35-65% 86.6 350-700

Note: 1Mt bio-diesel equals 1,136 litres

 References
• BP; 2013; Statistical Review of World Energy 2012.
• Ross, J., 2004; SPE/WPC/AAPG; Petroleum Resources
Classification; UNSD/ESCWA/OPEC Seminar on the UNFC;
Beirut
• Thakur, N.K.; Rajput. S.; 2011; Exploration of Gas Hydrates;
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
• Wikipedia
THANK YOU