INTRODUCTION

 What is supervision?
 How is supervision a factor of production?
 Supervisory Styles
 Models of effective supervision
 WHAT IS SUPERVISION?
Supervision is a Latin word where, Super means ‘from the
above’ and Vision means ‘to see’

In ordinary sense, the term supervision means ‘Overseeing

the subordinates at work with an aim to guide the employee,
if he is doing wrong’
R.C Allan called it a responsibility job which is above your job

DEFINITION
According to the Toft Hartley Act 1947(USA), the supervision
in summary is defined as Motivating, guiding, inspecting,
developing, coordinating, and controlling the subordinates
 How is supervision a factor of Production?
 Supervision deals with human
 Human forms of labour which is a factor of production
 Labour is Infact considered the primary driver of economic
value
 SUPERVISORY STYLES
Democratic Leader
 Involves the team
 Listens to team
members
 Guides the team
 Facilitates interaction
 Talks about ‘We’ not ‘I’
Laissez-Faire Leader
 Is warm and caring
Transformational Leader  Open to views of others
 Modeling the way  Part of the team
 Encouraging  Attempt to please
 Inspiring shared vision  Focuses on preference
 Enabling others to act of others
 Challenging the process  Considers people’s
emotions

Autocratic Leader
 Prescribe to the team
 Tells others what they
must do
 Controls people
 Dominates the team
 Talks about ‘I’ not ‘We’
 MODELS FOR EFFECTIVE SUPERVISION
Organizations value supervising and managing employees as key
responsibility.
To this effect there are three models and theories on supervision
that have become widely popular
 Theory X
 Theory Y
 Theory Z
Hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow proposed these needs to describe the personal
and professional needs all humans innately strive toward
 Physical
 Safety
 Social
 Self esteem
 Self actualization

It is crystal clear from the hierarchy that some employees having a job is
a means of security, for others, it is about having a life long dream
 THEORY X
This was proposed by Douglas McGregor. It states that
most people dislike working, they do it because they need
money, because it provides some security or it helps them
feel safe

The behaviors of supervisor and employee

 There is close monitoring of employees

 Employees are encouraged to do more
 Employees will do as little as possible
 Managers have to keep employees as motivated and
productive as possible
 THEORY Y
This was also proposed by Douglas McGregor. It
contends that some employees like working and enjoy it

The behaviors of supervisor and employee

 Employees find satisfaction in a job well done

 Their personal and professional goals act as their
encouragement and motivation
 Here managers spend less time looking after employees
 Manager spends more time providing a comfortable and
friendly working environment
 Employees will do a better job and will strive to be the best
they can be
 THEORY Z
This is referred to as the Japanese Model of management.
It is a new supervision model that grew from perceived
inadequacies with theories X AND Y
It focuses on employee loyalty

The behaviors of supervisor and employee

 Management provides career to employee instead of just a

job
 Employee remains with company for life
 Employee devotes themselves to the company
 Involves employee input in supervision process
 Company shows concern for all the needs identified by
Maslow