HOW TO PRESENT

AN ARGUMENT
 WHAT IS AN ARGUMENT?
•An academic argument is defined as
taking a debatable position, presenting
evidence and using sound logic to
convince the audience to accept (or at
least consider) your position.
•Note: statements of personal preference
or taste are not typically suited for an
academic argument.
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How to craft a well-constructed argument?

1. Choose a side on a particular

controversial issue.
2. Build up a case for your opinion or
position.
3. Use facts, opinions, statistics, and other
forms of evidence to convince your
readers. 3
THREE ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
1. CLAIMS/ASSERTIONS
2. EVIDENCE/S
3.WARRANTS/
EXPLANATIONS
 1. CLAIMS/ASSERTIONS
a. propositions that convey the writer’s
interpretations or beliefs about something.
b. not facts but rather conclusions drawn from
facts.
c. the truth or validity of a claim can be argued
by others and there is always an opposing point
of view.
1. The claim actually conveys your
interpretation and is not a statement of
fact.
2. The claim(s) can be supported by
specific evidence.
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 CLAIM STATEMENTS
A claim statement is typically
just your position on the issue
posed.
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•Statement - I own a cell
phone.
•Claim - Every middle school
student should have their own
cell phone.
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 2. EVIDENCES
-Evidences are supporting data or facts that are
indisputable because they are grounded in solid,
academic, reliable research.
-Evidences are used to support the claim.
-It could be in the form of quotations or
examples. 10
• EXAMPLE:
• As a matter of fact, in a survey conducted by Pulse Asia
among Filipino teachers, 83% thought that the adoption of
a school uniform creates a level playing field of
expectations. Evidence suggests that when students are
wearing nicer clothes, teachers have higher expectations
of those students. This can lead to teachers paying extra
attention and spending more time with those students
while neglecting those who appear more unkempt.
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 Lesson 2

3. WARRANTS/EXPLANATIONS
These are logical connection/bridge between a
claim and the supporting evidence. This is
where you explain the quotation you used as
your evidence and why it matters to your claim.

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•WARRANT:
Indeed, school uniforms cultivate
respect and create a level
playing field both among
students and teachers.
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EXAMPLE

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• Claim: Uniforms promote the ideals of respect
• Evidence: As a matter of fact, in a survey conducted by Pulse
Asia among Filipino teachers, 83% thought that the adoption of a
school uniform creates a level playing field of expectations.
Evidence suggests that when students are wearing nicer clothes,
teachers have higher expectations of those students. This can
lead to teachers paying extra attention and spending more time
with those students while neglecting those who appear more
unkempt.
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• Warrant: Indeed, school uniforms
cultivate respect and create a level
playing field both among students and
teachers.

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• Claim: Students nowadays need cellphones that will allow them to text
and use the internet.
• Evidence: According to Carol Rainbow, Smartphones are so much more
than just phones; they are powerful handheld computers with cameras,
speakers, access to the internet, educational apps, and worldwide
communication. Teaching children to use these tools productively
enables a world of creativity from pieces of art, videos, presentations,
audio recordings, research on any topic, and so much more.
• Warrant: Allowing students to use their cell phones will help keep them
engaged in learning and provide them with instant access to technology,
tools, and resources to help them learn. 9/3/20XX 17
 Students nowadays need cellphones that will allow them to text
and use the internet. According to Carol Rainbow, Smartphones are
so much more than just phones; they are powerful handheld
computers with cameras, speakers, access to the internet,

ent
educational apps, and worldwide communication. Teaching children to

um
use these tools productively enables a world of creativity from pieces
g
Ar
of art, videos, presentations, audio recordings, research on any topic,
and so much more. Allowing students to use their cell phones will
help keep them engaged in learning and provide them with instant
access to technology, tools, and resources to help them learn.
9/3/20XX 18
 TYPES OF WRITING THAT USE CLAIMS

• Argumentative essays - these essays focus on

an issue that is controversial, presenting
evidence that backs up the writer's claim.
• Research papers - academic research papers are
designed specifically to provide evidence to
confirm or refute the writer's hypothesis, which
is a type of claim. 9/3/20XX 19
• Literary analysis - when engaged in literary
analysis, writers make a claim about a literary
work, then provide evidence from it to support
their claim.
• Persuasive essays - persuasive essays are a
type of argumentative essay. They use fact-
based information as evidence to back up a
writer's claim.
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• Persuasive speeches - persuasive speeches
are presented orally, but many start with an
outline focused on providing evidence for a
primary claim.
• Persuasive memos - persuasive memos are
often designed to convince readers to believe
or act on a claim backed up by evidence.
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Presentation Title 9/3/20XX 22
 Lesson 2

WRITE T IF THE STATEMENT IS TRUE,

WRITE F IF FALSE.
1. An academic argument is defined as taking a
debatable position, presenting evidence and
using mere assertions to convince the audience
to accept (or at least consider) your position.
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 Lesson 2

WRITE T IF THE STATEMENT IS TRUE,

WRITE F IF FALSE.
2. The three elements of an argument are:
claim/assertion, evidence/s, and
warrant/explanation.

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 Lesson 2

WRITE T IF THE STATEMENT IS TRUE,

WRITE F IF FALSE.
3. In crafting an argument, you have to first
choose a neutral side on a particular
Controversial issue to avoid being biased.
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 Lesson 2

WRITE T IF THE STATEMENT IS TRUE,

WRITE F IF FALSE.
4. Evidences are supporting data or facts that
are indisputable because they are grounded in
solid, academic, reliable research.

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 Lesson 2

WRITE T IF THE STATEMENT IS TRUE,

WRITE F IF FALSE.
5. A claim statement is typically just your
position on the issue posed

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