Basic List operations

What is the use of data structures ?What are different data structures
used in Python?
• Data structures are used for the efficient organization of data in
memory so that the data can be accessed efficiently.
• Different data structures are List, Tuple, Sets, Dictionary
• These are used to represent collection of data
 1. List
What are lists? What are the properties?
• Lists are used to store a collection of data, in a particular order
• List is created/ defined as follows
L1= [ 23, 15, 34.88, “acv”, 34]
•  Here, L1 is a list consists of data items/ elements of different types
• 23,15 and 34 are integers, 34.88 is floating point, “acv” is string literal
• One important property of lists is that they are mutable . It means
that we can easily modify the contents in a list
• L1[2]= 10 will replace 34.88 by 10
What are list operations?
1. To access elements in a list, use indexing and subscripting
• L1=[2, 4, 13, 17.8, 99, -56]
• To access the item 17.8, use the position(index). Indexing starts from
0, so position of 17.8 is 3
>>>print( L1[3])
• Ans: 17.8
• A special type of indexing is negative indexing. It is used to access
elements from the end of list.
L1=[2, 4, 13, 17.8, 99, -56]

• L1[-1] indicates the last element -56

• L1[-2] indicates the second last element 99, so on….
 2. slicing
• It allows the access of a portion of the list.

L1[0:3] returns elements 2,4 and 13. Here though last index value
is 3, the corresponding value is omitted from the result.

L1[2:5] = 13, 17.8, 99

L1[ 1: 5] = [ 4,13,17.8, 99]
• The 5th position value is excluded
• So, in slicing, initial index is inclusive, but last index is exclusive
• A special type of indexing is also shown below.
• You can omit the last index value , if you want to access till the last
element
 
• >>> L1[ 2: ] gives you 13, 17.8, 99, -56
• : ] indicates the default end
• >>>L1[ 4: ] gives [ 99, -56]
the result of slicing is another list
• Similarly, if you want to access elements from the beginning, you may
omit initial index
• L1[ : 5] gives [ 2, 4, 13, 17.8,99]
• The last index value ( position 5 value -56) gets excluded here also
 3. List concatenation
• L1 = [ 3, 45, 17]
• L2=[ 14, 7, 87]
• Print(L1+L2) gives the combined list
[ 3,45,17,14,7,87]
• Thus, two lists can be concatenated using + operator
4. L2=[ 5]
L2*3  [5, 5, 5]
 What are different list functions? Explain with examples

1)To add new elements into the list

syntax: L1. append ( item)
• L1= [ 2, 4, 6, 8]
• >>>L1. append(10) gives [ 2,4,6,8,10]
• Append() function will add an item at the end of the list
 
L1=[] will create an empty list.
L1.append(item)
2) How to insert an element at a position?
List. insert( position, item)
• L1. insert( 2,5)
• The item 5 gets inserted at position 2
L1= [ 2, 4, 6, 8]

• >>> print( L1) gives [ 2,4, 5, 6, 8]

3) L1.extend()
• Add the elements of a list(or any iterable) to the end of
the current list
• L1=[10,20,30]
• L1.extend([40,50,60]) gives [10,20,30.40,50,60]
4) To find the length, use len( list)
• L1=[10,20,30]
• print(len(L1)) gives 3
• 5) To find the position of an element , use index()
• fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
• x = fruits.index("cherry")
• print(x)  2
• that index() returns only the position of first occurrence, if an item
occurs multiple times
• 6) To remove an element from the list using position, use pop()
• fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
fruits.pop(1)
• Ans: [ ‘apple’,’cherry’]
• 7) To remove an element from the list using the value, use remove()
• fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
fruits.remove("banana")
• Ans:?
 8) Use count() to find the number of occurrences of an item
• fruits = ['apple', ‘cherry’, 'banana', 'cherry']
x = fruits.count("cherry")
• Ans: 2
• 9) Use reverse() to reverse the order of elements
• fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
• fruits.reverse()
• print(fruits)
10)Use sort() to sort elements in ascending order
• L1=[ 34, 56,12, 8, 99]
• Print( L1.sort())
• If you want the result in descending order,
• L1.sort( reverse=True)
• Print(L1)
• 11) How do you iterate through a list for element wise processing?
• We can use for loop for accessing each elemnt
• Eg: L1= [1,2,3,4,5]
• for i in range( 0,5):
• print(L1[i])
• Ans: 1,2,3,4,5
• L1= [1,2,3,4,5]
l= len(L1)
for i in range( 0,l):
print(L1[i])
 e. Write a program to search for an element in a list.

• L1= [ 10,20, 30,40,50]

• Check whether 50 is present or not. ( Do not use in operaor)
flag=0, key=50
length= len(L1)
for i in range( 0, length+1):
if L1[i]==key:
flag=1
break
if flag==1:
print(“found”)
Else:
print(“not found”)
• We can use in operator as membership operator
• >>>L1=[2,56,34,17,89]
• >>>Print ( 56 in L1) gives True
 List of Lists
• L1= [[1,2,3] , [ 4,5,6], [ ‘x’,’y,’z’]]
• Elements inside a list are another lists
• L1[0]  [1,2,3]
• L1[0][1]  [2]
 List comprehension
• V=[ ‘bus’, ‘car’,train’, ‘bicycle’]
Create a new list containing only items with ‘b’

Newlist=[]
For element in V: - Take every element in list
if ‘b’ in element:  if b is present in it
newlist.append( element)  put that vehicle in newlist
 comprehension

• Newlist= [ element for element in L1 if ‘b’ in element]

expression for item in iterable, if condition==True

Adv: Make code simpler

 Lambda function
• Anonymous function that can have any number of arguments
• No name for function
• Function is defined at the time of call
• it can have only one expression
Eg: sum = lambda a,b: a+b
print ( sum (5,10))
 2. Tuples

• Python Tuple is a collection of objects separated by commas.

• T1=( 1,2,3) t2= ( 3,7,0,-28, ‘xyz’, -11111.05)
• Tuple can contain items/elemets of different data types
• Once defined, it is not possible to modify elements- immutable
• To access elements, use indexing ( as in list)
immutable?
• Difference between List and Tuple?
- List is mutable, tuple is immutable
- List is defined with [ ], tuple is defined with ( )
 Other features
• Most of the features are same as that of lists
a) slicing- access a portion of tuple
b) * for repetition
t1=(‘hi’)
print(t1*3)
c) + for concatenation
t1=(1,2,3) t2=( 3,4,5)
print(t1+t2)
( 1,2,3,3,4,5) - Duplication of elements is allowed
d) Negative indexing
- To access elements from the last position
t1[-1] gives the last item
e) Nesting- tuple as elements within another tuple
Slicing- examples
 3. Sets
• S1={ 1, 2, 3,4}
• Curly braces are used to define sets
• Duplication of elements not allowed
• Items can be of any data type
• Set items are unordered, unchangeable, and do not allow duplicate
values.
• Set elements are not accessed using index/subscript
How to access elements?

How to add elements?

- Use add() function
• To remove an element,
t1.remove(‘banana’)
• To loop through set,
for item in t1:
print(item)
 Set methods/functions
• Add(), remove()
• x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}

z = x. difference(y)
print(z)
o/p: { ‘cherry’, ‘banana’}
Those elements present in x but not in y
 4. Dictionary
• Lists and tuple organizes elements by their position
• This is useful when we want to locate elements in order- 1st, 2nd,3rd,…
• In some situations, position of data is not significant, but data is
associated with some other element.
• Eg: ( Arun: 15, Gayathri: 16, Govind: 19)
( ‘Name’:’Arun’, ‘Roll no’: 15, ‘Marks’: 50)
-Related information
- Association between keys and values
• Dictionary is a data structure that stores data as ( key, value) pairs
• These pairs are called entries
• Entries are enclosed in {}, each key and its value is separated by
colon(:)

d1= {‘Name’:’Arun’, ‘Roll no’: 15, ‘Marks’: 50)

 Dictionary operations
• How to create a dictionary?
d1={}  empty
d2={ ‘Arun’: 15, ‘Gayathri’: 16, ‘Govind’: 19} Name and rollno
information of a set of students
• How to add a new entry?
- To add a new ( name, Roll No) in d2
- d2[‘Karthik’]= 20
• d2= {‘Name’:’Arun’, ‘Roll no’: 15, ‘Marks’: 50}
To add branch info in d2
d2[ ‘branch’]= ‘ ECE’
print ( d2)
Op: {‘Name’:’Arun’, ‘Roll no’: 15, ‘Marks’: 50, ‘branch’: ‘ECE’}
• To replace a value in (key,value)
d2={‘Name’:’Arun’, ‘Roll no’: 15, ‘Marks’: 50, ‘branch’: ‘ECE’}
To change branch into EEE
>>> d2[‘branch’] = ‘EEE’
 To access a value associated with key?
• d2={‘Name’:’Arun’, ‘Rollno’: 15, ‘Marks’: 50, ‘branch’: ‘ECE’}
To know the Roll number of Arun,
Print( d2[‘Rollno’])
If you do not know whether a key ( Marks) is present in d2. If present,
then you want its value to be printed.
>>> print( d2.get(“Marks”, None))
o/p: 50
>>> print( d2.get(“ Address”))
o/p: None ( as address field is not present in d2)
update() to change the value of key

To remove (key,value) from d

 Looping through dict
• Also known as traversing a dictionary
• Reading element by element
d2={‘Name’:’Arun’, ‘Rollno’: 15, ‘Marks’: 50, ‘branch’: ‘ECE’}
1) for key in d2:
print(key, d2[key])
o/p: [ (Name’,’Arun’), (‘Rollno’ , 15), (‘Marks’, 50), (‘branch’, ‘ECE’)]
2) d2.items()
3) for(key,value) in d2.items():
print( key,value)
• len(d)  gives the number of entries
• list(d.keys()) - gives list of keys in the dictionary
• list(d.values()) list of all values in dictionary