INTRODUCTION

THE HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION IN GENERAL (BACKGROUND)
a. Communication is the passing of information from one person to another.
b. Intercommunication is the comprehension of the information being passed
Types of communication?
I. Sound
II. Television
III. Data
Means of communication?
i. Radio
ii. Line (fiber)
iii. Satellite
iv. cellphones
 RADIO COMMUNICATION
Guglielmo Marconi was born at Bologna, Italy, on April 25,
1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi, an Italian country
gentleman, and Annie Jameson, daughter of Andrew Jameson
of Daphne Castle in the County Wexford, Ireland. He was
educated privately at Bologna, Florence and Leghorn. Even as a
boy he took a keen interest in physical and electrical science and
studied the works of Maxwell, Hertz, Righi, Lodge and others.
In 1895 he began laboratory experiments at his father’s country
estate at Pontecchio where he succeeded in sending wireless
signals over a distance of one and a half miles.
He has been the recipient of honorary doctorates of
several universities and many other international
honours and awards, among them the Nobel Prize for
Physics, which in 1909 he shared with Professor Karl
Braun, the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, the
John Fritz Medal and the Kelvin Medal. He was
decorated by the Tsar of Russia with the Order of St.
Anne, the King of Italy created him Commander of the
Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus, and awarded him
the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy in
1902. Marconi also received the freedom of the City of
Rome (1903), and was created Chevalier of the Civil
Order of Savoy in 1905.
In 1914 he was commissioned in the Italian Army as a Lieutenant
being later promoted to Captain, and in 1916 transferred to the
Navy in the rank of Commander. He was a member of the Italian
Government mission to the United States in 1917 and in 1919 was
appointed Italian plenipotentiary delegate to the Paris Peace
Conference. He was awarded the Italian Military Medal in 1919 in
recognition of his war service.
During his war service in Italy he returned to his investigation of
short waves, which he had used in his first experiments. After
further tests by his collaborators in England, an intensive series of
trials was conducted in 1923 between experimental installations at
the Poldhu Station and in Marconi’s yacht “Elettra” cruising in
the Atlantic and Mediterranean, and this led to the establishment
of the beam system for long distance communication. Proposals to
use this system as a means of Imperial communications were
accepted by the British Government and the first beam station,
linking England and Canada, was opened in 1926, other stations
being added the following year.
In 1931 Marconi began research into the propagation
characteristics of still shorter waves, resulting in the opening in
1932 of the world’s first microwave radiotelephone link between
the Vatican City and the Pope’s summer residence at Castel
Gandolfo. Two years later at Sestri Levante he demonstrated his
microwave radio beacon for ship navigation and in 1935, again in
Italy, gave a practical demonstration of the principles of radar,
the coming of which he had first foretold in a lecture to the
American Institute of Radio Engineers in New York in 1922.
Many other distinctions of this kind followed. In 1914 he
was both created a Senatore in the Italian Senate and app
ointed Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal
Victorian Order in England. He received the hereditary title
of Marchese in 1929.
In 1905 he married the Hon. Beatrice O’Brien, daughter of
the 14th Baron Inchiquin, the marriage being annulled in
1927, in which year he married the Countess Bezzi-Scali of
Rome. He had one son and two daughters by his first and
one daughter by his second wife. His recreations were
hunting, cycling and motoring.
Marconi died in Rome on July 20, 1937.
 TR 2400 HF TRANSCEIVER

INTRODUCTION
 TR 2400 HF IS AN HF (HIGH
FREQUENCY) RADIO. THE RADIO CAN
BE USED FOR BOTH MOBILE AND
S TAT I C C O M M U N I C AT I O N . I T P R O V I D E S
RADIO FREQUENCY RECEPTION AND
TRANSMISSION IN THE FREQUENCY
RANGE OF 1.6 MHZ TO 30 MHZ
 THE SET CAN BE POWERED FROM AC
P O W E R S U P P LY O F 1 1 0 V O R 2 2 0 V, F R O M
A N I C A D B AT T E R Y PA C K O F 1 4 . 4 V O R
1 2 V O R 2 4 V D C B AT T E R Y. N O R M A L
FREQUENCY HOPPING MODES OF
O P E R AT I O N A R E AVA I L A B L E . T H E T O TA L
WEIGHT IS 6.5KG.
 TECHNICAL DATA
 Frequency range—1.6 MHz to 30
 MHz Frequency increment steps—100 KHz
 Split frequency capability—transmit and receive
 Weight with batteries--6.5 kg
 Weight without a battery—4.2 kg
 Weight of battery –2.3 kg
 Modulation—AM—Amplitude Mode USB—Upper side
band LSB—Lower side band
 CW—Continuous wave—lower/upper side Band
 Antennae—2.7 M whip antenna
 Dipole antenna
 Broad band/wide band antenna
 Keyboard/key pad consists of 16 keys
 Power requirements—High power 100
 watts—vehicle
 High power – 25 watts--Man pack
 Low power—5 watts—Man pack
 Channels—99 
 DEFINITIONS

 A watt is a unit of power. It is the amount

of energy an item needs to function;
 Wattage, is the amount of power an
electric device consumes.
 Amperage is the rate at which electrons
move through the wire.
 Energy is the ability to do work. 
 DEPLOYMENT
 The set can be deployed to provide communication as
follows ;
 Mobile –man pack/vehicle /ship
 COMPONENTS OR PARTS
 TR 2400 transceiver.
 Nicole cadmium.
 Hand set.
 Carrying frame..
 Whip antenna, dipole antenna and wide band or mast
antenna
Mounting tray.
Data terminal (computer).
Printer.
Power point.
 BASIC OPERATION
 Rotary switch –is for switching ON/OFF the
radio and also it is used to increasing and
decreasing volume.
 The liquid crystal display – LCD provides a
visual facility to indicate operating
parameters, messages and alarms.
 HIGH VSWR-voltage standing wave ratio.
This will appear on the LCD during
transmission. This will let you know that
there is something wrong with your set.
 HIGH VSWR

 High VSWR- once displayed warns that

there something wrong with the radio
frequency (RF) system set up.
 It is a comparison between transmitted
energy and reflected in an RF system set
up.
 You did not tune your set.
 You have selected a wrong antenna.
 The antenna you are using is fault.
 Check the power source.
 * the star on the front panel of the set is for
lighting the LCD.
 Z-The three letters Z on the front panel of
the set is used for memory erase.
 SWITCHING ON
 Rotate the ON/volume switch clockwise
from the OFF position.
 NOTE- do not press the presell switch
whilst switching on the transceiver, as this
will initiate the boot loader program.
 Should the operator press the presell switch
during the initializing phase,BPIT( power
build in test) will be aborted.
 The following level display will appear on
for approximately five seconds;
 Initializing.
 Power on- test busy.
 Time date/month/year.
 Then changes to normal reading on the
display.
FREQUENCY SELECTION
 There are two (02) ways of selecting a frequency.
 One, is by using a flashing cursor. Put the flashing
cursor over the frequency digits. Scroll up or
down to obtain the required frequency or scroll
the right or left key.
 Two, is by typing in the given figures of the
frequency.
 Press frequency key and observe display.
 Type in the given figures of the frequency e.g. 6.2
MHz.
 Press enter key to enter the frequency.
Press tune key to tune the antenna.
MODULATION SELECTION
 Press MODE key
 select the required mode pressing the figure
1-LSB, 2-USB, 3-AM, 4- CW/LSB,
5-CW/USB.
 Press enter.
 Press enter key again to tune the set.
 Alternatively modulation mode can be
changed by placing the flashing cursor over
modulation indicator by using the
UP/DOWN keys.
 POWER SETTING

 Press key and observe display.

 Select the required power level with the
appropriate numerical key; 1-LOW, 2-
HIGH.
 Press ENTER key.
 Alternatively, power can be selected
(changed) by placing the flashing cursor
over the power indicator by using
UP/DOWN keys.
ANTENNA SELECTING AND TUNING

 The transceiver is designed to with any

antenna;
 Whip antenna 2.7m,
 Dipole antenna.
 Wide band or broad band.
 The type can be selected by placing the
flashing cursor over the displayed
antenna type by scrolling UP/DOWN key.
 Position the cursor over the antenna
symbol In the display.
 Press or scroll UP/DOWN keys to select
keys to select the required antenna.
 Press TUNE key to tune the selected
antenna.
 display will show TUNNING followed by
tuned.
 FREQUENCY PROGRAMMING
 Press frequency key.
 Type in the figures of the frequency.
 Press ENTER key.
 Press MODE key followed by the mode required,
USB or LSB
 Press ENTER key.
 Press FUNCTION key.
 Press set key
 Type in the required channel number.eg. 12
 Press ENTER key and set key.
 Press tune key to tune antenna.
 CHANNEL RECALLING

 Press channel key.

 Press channel number to be recalled.
 Press enter.
 SQUELCH SETTING
 This is the process of reducing (removing) noise
from the ear piece of the handset. Levels are from
0----------9.
 Place the flashing cursor over the displayed
squelch level.
 Scroll UP/DOWN to obtain the desired squelch
level.
 M—indicates that the radio is muted.
 Press ENTER key to store the parameter and
return to normal operation.
 To abort squelch, press function, then esc/abort
key.
 TYPES OF TRAFFIC

 Clear voice.
 Secure voice.
 Analogue secure voice.
 Digital voice----2400 bps/800bps.
 CLEAR VOICE
 This type of traffic provides transmission using
normal voice transmission and reception.
SECURE VOICE (COMMS SY)
 This type of traffic provide secure voice
transmission and reception. This facility is
available for either, station to station or for
network operation. All participating stations
must be set to the same frequency, same mode
and same scrambling code. This type of traffic
is used to pass secrete messages to avoid
enemies from interception.
SECURE VOICE PROCEDURE
 Press traffic key—display shows clear voice.
 Press up key—display shows secure voice.
 Press enter –AVS code appears.
 Enter code e.g.—1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 ten digits.
 Press enter key—(display shows, 1-normal, 2- net sync)
 Move the cursor to 2 net sync for all net calls.
 Press enter key.
 Rx/T x appears AVS sync appears.
 Control station or any sub station to press CALL/SYNC
key.
 BDCAST will appear.
 Press FUNCTION key and esc/abort key to return to
normal operation.
 DIGITAL VOICE

This type of traffic provides transmission and

reception digitalized voice. The voice signal is
digitalized and encrypted to enhance security
on voice transmission and reception.
PROCEDURE
 Press traffic key.
 Press UP key until display shows DIGITAL
Voice 2400 or 800.
 Press Enter key, your voice now digitalized
and secure.
 TYPES OF LINKS

 Frequency Hopping (standard hopping).

 Automatic Link Establishment (ALE).
 Selective Calling (SelCal).
 STANDARD HOPPING
This type of operation provides an ant-
jamming method of communication and can
be used to provide reduced probability to
interception as the transceiver changes from
one frequency in a random sequence. The
frequency hopping sequence is preceded by
with a six (6) digits security code prior to
synchronization. Frequency hopping is only
available in the USB and LSB modes.