17.

POPULATIONS – TYPES, STRUCTURE, FEATURES AND DYNAMICS

1. Definition - a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given
area. Members of a population often rely on the same resources, are subject to similar
environmental constraints, and depend on the availability of other members to persist over time.
2. Types

2.1. Geographic – populations that inhabit 2.2. Local – individuals of the same species
vast territories within the species’ range in
which occupy a part of the species’ range with
different geographic regions and various
uniform environmental conditions
environmental conditions
 2.3. Endemic and cosmopolitan species - endemic species refers to a species that is native to where it is found. A species can be
endemic to a particular small geographical area, such as a single island, or to a larger area, such as a continent. If the species is found
in a wide range of habitats and geographic locations, then, it would be the opposite of endemism, i.e. cosmopolitan distribution.
3. Structure - the organization of
genetic variation driven by the
combined effects of evolutionary
processes that include
recombination, mutation, genetic
drift, demographic history, and
natural selection.
3.1. Spatial
structure(пространствена
структура/разпределение) –
distribution
3.1.1.
Uniform(равномерно) - the
population is evenly spaced
3.1.2. Clumped(групово) -
the population is distributed in
clusters
3.1.3. Random(случайно)
– indicates random spacing
 3.2. Demographic
structure(възрастова
структура) - the composition of
a population in terms of the
proportions of individuals of
different ages; represented as a
bar graph with younger ages at
the bottom and males and females
on either
3.2.1. Ageside.
composition
3.2.1.1. Growing (more young
individuals)
3.2.1.2. Declining (more sexually
mature individuals)
3.2.1.3. Stable
 3.2.2. Sex composition(полова
структура)
3.2.2.1. Monogamous (male :
female = 1 : 1)-моногамен
3.2.2.2. Polygamous (more female
individuals)-полигамен
3.2.2.3. Polyandrous (more male
individuals)-полиандрен
3.3. Genetic structure – defined
by the genetic differences between
the individuals in the population
3.4. Ethological (behavioural)
structure – families, herds,
schools, packs, flocks and
colonies, swarms (only in animals)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=RLmKfXwWQtE
4. Features(свойства на
популациите)

4.1. Number (численост)(size)

N= (B – D) +/- M) B-birth;D-
death;M-migration
4.2. Density(плътност) - the
number of individuals per area or
volume of habitat
4.3. Other properties
4.3.1. Birth
rate(раждаемост)
4.3.2. Death
rate/mortality(смъртност)-D
5. Dynamics of populations -
variation among populations due
to birth and death rates, by
immigration and emigration, and
concerning topics such as aging
populations or population decline

5.1. Migration – emigration and

immigration
5.2. Carrying capacity(емкост на
средата) - a species' average
population size in a particular
habitat. The species population size
is limited by environmental factors
like adequate food, shelter, water,
and mates
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Used materials:

https://www.bib.bund.de/DE/Bilder/0358-Weltbevoelkerung-Figuren.jpg?__
blob=normal&v=2
https://imagevars.gulfnews.com/2018/5/28/1_16a0849fb1c.2227909_2956
470134_16a0849fb1c_medium.jpg
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c6/08/df/c608df4cbd4f751f6dacc21f5ae2bb0
0.png
https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/3098644919c24c4379b464c
0c988951c/image-7.jpg
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6193778/18/images/52/Generalized+Populati
on+Age-Structure+Diagrams.jpg
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Natalie-Jackson/publication/2684066