IN the Beginning

Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Light Elements

Content Standards
The learners demonstrate an understanding
of:
• The formation of the elements during the Big
Bang and during stellar evolution
• The distribution of the chemical elements
and the isotopes in the universe
Performance Standards
• The learners shall be able to effectively
present or discuss the aspects of a scientific
theory in light of its evidence.
Leaning Competencies
•The learners give evidence for and
explain the formation of the light
elements in the Big Bang theory
(S11/12PS-IIIa-1)
Specific Learning Objectives
The learners should be able to
1. Briefly discuss the cosmology of the Big
Bang model
2. Provide an overview of the proof for the
Big Bang model
3. Write reactions involving the
nucleosynthesis of the first elements
Motivational Video
• Chemistry and the Origin of the universe
What is Chemistry?
“The Study of
STUFF”
Steady Big Bang
State Theory
Model
Origin of the
Universe
Oscillating
Universe
Theory
?
 PROTON
}
ATOM
NUCLEUS
NEUTRON
ELECTRON
Nuclear Reactions
• The processes in which nucleus either combines
with another nucleus (Nuclear Fusion) or Splits
into smaller nuclei (Nuclear Fission)
• Releases energetic particles of an atom–
(Radioactivity)
• Elements, electrons, protons, neutrons
• Elements are unstable!
 THINGS TO REMEMBER:
Charge
Mass Number
(“ATOMIC WEIGHT”)

NEUTRAL
• In

ATOM (equal amount of C

electrons and protons) A
• The Number of Protons is Z X
always CONSTANT for each
Element.
• The ATOMIC NUMBER is ALWAYS
EQUAL to the number of proton
• P=E ATOMIC
ELEMENT
• MASS NUMBER = P+N NUMBER
 Alpha Decay
(α)

Beta Decay
(β)

Gamma
Radiation (γ)
Nuclear
Atom
Reactions
Positron
Emission

Electron
Capture
1. Alpha Decay (α)
• Alpha Particles- High Speed Particles consisting of
2 p+ and𝟒
2n
𝟐 𝜶
• Alpha Decay – an atom releases (spits out) 2p+
and 2n
1. Alpha Decay (α)
𝟐𝟑𝟑
𝑼 𝟐𝟐𝟗 𝟒
𝟗𝟐 𝟗𝟎 𝟐 ? 𝜶
p= 92 p=90
n= 141 n= 139
1. Alpha Decay (α)
𝟐𝟑𝟑
𝟗𝟐 𝑼 𝟐𝟐𝟗
𝟗𝟎
𝟒
𝜶
𝑻𝒉 𝟐 𝑯𝒆
𝟐
𝟒 Or

p= 92 p=90
n= 141 n= 139
 SAMPLE (Alpha Decay)

??
𝟐𝟏𝟎
1.
𝟖𝟒 𝑷𝒐

2. ? 𝟐𝟑𝟑
𝟗𝟏
𝟒
𝑷𝒂𝜶
𝟐
In other Words…
•
When 2p and 2n were released in
the nucleus of the atom,…

A=-4
Z=-2
2. Beta Decay (β)
• Beta Particles- a high speed e (electron) emitted
from an atom𝟎
−𝟏 β
• Beta Decay – Neutron  proton + releases
electron
2. Beta Decay (β)
𝟏𝟒
𝟔 𝑪 𝟕
𝟕 ?
p= 6 p=7
n= 8 n= 7
2. Beta Decay (β)
𝟏𝟒
𝟔 𝑪 𝟏𝟒
𝟕 𝑵
𝒐
β
−𝟏 −𝟏
Or
𝟎
𝒆
p= 6 p=7
n= 8 n= 7
 SAMPLE (Beta Decay)

??
𝟏𝟔
1.
𝟖 𝑶

2. ? 𝟑𝟐
𝟐𝟔 𝑺
𝟎
−𝟏 β
In other Words…
•
When neutron turns into proton and
released an electron,…

A=0 (the same)

Z=+1
3. Gamma Radiation (γ)
• Emission of gamma𝟎
ray γ
𝟎

• Gamma Ray – high energy stream of Photons

3. Gamma Radiation (γ)
𝟐𝟑𝟑
𝟗𝟐 𝑼 𝟐𝟑𝟒
𝟗𝟎 𝑻𝒉𝜶
𝟒
𝟐

𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝟎
𝟐𝟑𝟒
𝟗𝟎 𝑻𝒉 𝟗𝟎 𝑻𝒉 γ
𝟎
In other Words…
•
When atom releases gamma radiation
after a decay…..

A= stays the same

Z= stays the same
And Photons will be released,…
4. Positron Emission
• [Too many protons, not enough Neutrons]
• conversion of a proton to a neutron along with a
release of a positron
𝟎
+𝟏 𝒆
4. Positron Emission
𝟏𝟒
𝟔 𝑪 𝟏𝟒
𝟓 ?
p= 6 p=5
n= 8 n= 9
4. Positron Emission
𝟏𝟒
𝟔 𝑪 𝟏𝟒
𝟓 𝑩
𝟎
β
+𝟏 +𝟏
Or
𝟎
𝒆
p= 6 p=5
n= 8 n= 9
 4. Positron Emission (Sample)

??
𝟏𝟓
1.
𝟖 𝑶

2. ? 𝟑𝟖
𝟏𝟖 𝑨𝒓
𝟎
+𝟏 β
In other Words…
•
When a Proton turns to neutron and
releases positron (e+),…

A=0 (the Same)

Z=-1
5. Electron Capture
• Too many protons, not enough neutrons.
• an electron is pulled towards the nucleus and
combined with protons to form a neutron, then,
gamma rays are released.
𝟎
−𝟏 𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒆
 5. Electron Capture
𝟒𝟎
𝑲 𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒆
𝟎
𝟏𝟗 −𝟏
___ ___
 5. Electron Capture
𝟐𝟎𝟏
𝟖𝟎 𝑯𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒆
𝟎
−𝟏
___ ___

? 𝟎
−𝟏 𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒆
𝟐𝟔
𝟏𝟐 γ
𝑴𝒈
In other Words…
•
When electron is pulled towards the
nucleus and combines with protons to
form neutron, ……

A=0 (the Same)

Z=-1
6.Bombardment of Alpha Particles
(Nuclear Transformation)
• addition (Bombardment) of alpha particles that
releases a neutron or a proton
 6.Bombardment of Alpha Particles
(Nuclear Transformation)

𝟒
𝟏𝟒
𝟕 𝑵𝟐 α ___
𝟏
𝟏 𝒑

𝟒
𝟗
𝟒 𝑩𝒆𝟐 α ___
𝟏
𝒏
𝟎
 In Summary:
Nuclear Reaction Description Particle Produce Change in (Short-cut)
A Z
Alpha Decay Loss of 2p and 2n Alpha Particle -4 -2
Beta Decay Neutron  Proton (releases Beta Particle (Beta 0 +1
electrons) minus)
Gamma Radiation After decay gamma rays are Gamma rays --- ---
emitted
Positron Emission Proton  Neutron (Releases Beta Particle 0 -1
electron) (Beta Plus)
Electron Capture Electron is pulled towards the A new element and 0 -1
nucleus then combines with gamma ray
protons to forms neutron
(e+p=n)
Nuclear Alpha particles bombard with the Mostly P or N Both sides must be equal
Transformation nucleus and releases protons or and balanced
(alpha particles neutrons
bombardment)