Unit #7 Energy in Cells

Honors Biology Photosynthesis and

Respiration
 Day #1
• What are some actions that require energy?
• What is ATP

• Energy and life

• ATP model
 Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
• Photosynthesis: The process by which plants,
algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon
dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and
oxygen
• Autotrophs: An organism that produces its own
nutrients from inorganic substances or from the
environment (uses photosynthesis)
• Heterotrophs: An organism that obtains organic
food molecules by eating other organisms
 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Energy comes in many different forms
– Light, heat and electricity
• One main compound used to store energy in
cells = adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Made in chloroplasts and the mitochondria
 Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
• ADP is ATP with a missing phosphate group
(has 2)
• ADP stores less energy
• Combining ADP molecules helps them gain
more energy
• ATP = fully charged phone
• ADP = phone only at 65%
 Releasing Energy From ATP
• The energy stored in ATP is released when ATP
is broken down into ADP + phosphate group
• ATP helps to fuel the cell with energy
 Using Biochemical Energy
• Cells use ATP for active transport
• Many cell membranes contain a sodium-
potassium pump
– Sodium (Na) out
– Potassium (K) in
• A single ATP molecule has enough energy to
pump 3 Na ions out and 2 K ions in
 ATP and Glucose
• Most cells only have enough ATP to last for a
few seconds
• ATP isn’t efficient at storing large amounts of
energy for a long amount of time
• Glucose = 90x stronger than ATP
• Cells regenerate ATP and ADP as needed using
glucose and carbohydrates
 Day #2
• What is photosynthesis?

• Photosynthesis Overview notes

• Photosynthesis video
 Investigating Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis: The process by which plants,
algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon
dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates
and oxygen
 The Photosynthesis Equation

• Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to

convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and
high energy sugars (glucose)
 Inside a Chloroplast

Inside a Chloroplast
In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts.

Plant

Chloroplast

Plant cells

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 Inside a Chloroplast

Chloroplasts contain thylakoids—saclike photosynthetic

membranes.

Single
thylakoid

Chloroplast
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 Inside a Chloroplast

Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana. A

singular stack is called a granum.
Granum

Chloroplast
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 Inside a Chloroplast

Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll

and other pigments into clusters called photosystems,
which are the light-collecting units of the chloroplast.

Photosystems

Chloroplast
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 Electron Carriers

Electron Carriers
When electrons in chlorophyll absorb sunlight, the
electrons gain a great deal of energy.
Cells use electron carriers to transport these high-energy
electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

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 Process of Photosynthesis
• Step #1: Light- Dependent Reactions:
• Converts light energy into chemical energy
• Light energy is used to split H2O and release
electrons (energy)
• Occurs in the chloroplast (stack of thylakoids
containing chlorophyll)
• In = H20
• Out = O2 = ATP and NADPH
 Process of Photosynthesis:
• Step #2 Light-Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle:
• Uses energy in ATP and NADPH from step #1 to
build glucose (C6H12O6)
• Glucose is produced using the energy from step #1
• Produced in the stroma (space around thylakoids in
the chloroplast)
• In = ATP NADPH and CO2
• Out = Glucose (C6H12O6)
 Light-Dependent Reactions

Light-Dependent Reactions
The light-dependent reactions require light.
The light-dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and
convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and
NADPH.

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 Day #3
• What happens during light-independent reactions?
• Why are plants green?

• Paper chromotography lab

 Chloroplast and Pigments
• Chloroplast is the organelle where
photosynthesis takes place
• Thylakoid discs = where light-dependent
reactions take place
• Pigments: molecules that absorb specific
wavelengths of sunlight
• Chlorophyll: a green pigment, present in all green plants responsible
for the absorption of light to provide energy for
photosynthesis.
 Important!!
• When chlorophyll and other pigments absorb
light energy
– Their electrons become energized
– This starts light-dependent reaction (1st step in
photosynthesis)
– ADP +P is converted into ATP by adding a
phosphate group
– Photosynthesis is an energy releasing process
 Light and Pigments
• Plants use low-energy raw materials to
produce high-energy sugars
• In addition to water and carbon dioxide
photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll
(molecule in chloroplasts)
• Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-
absorbing molecules called pigments
• The plants’ main pigment = chlorophyll
• Two types of chlorophyll = A and B
• Chlorophyll absorbs light very well in blue and
red regions of the color spectrum but not
green = why plants are green!
• Absorbing light helps give the plant energy
 Day #4
• What is a byproduct of photosynthesis?
• Why is it considered a byproduct?

• Video
• Online quiz
• Photosynthesis webquest
 Practice Questions
• What happens to water during light-
dependent reactions?
• What happens to glucose made by the plant?
• What happens to excess glucose?
• What happens to light-dependent reactions if
there is no light?
 The Calvin Cycle

The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH

from the light-dependent reactions to
produce high-energy sugars.

Because the Calvin cycle does not

require light, these reactions are also
called the light-independent reactions.

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 Six carbon dioxide molecules enter the cycle from the
atmosphere and combine with six 5-carbon molecules.

CO2 Enters the Cycle

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The result is twelve 3-carbon molecules, which are then
converted into higher-energy forms.

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 The Calvin Cycle
The energy for this conversion comes from ATP and high-
energy electrons from NADPH.

Energy Input

12

12 ADP

12 NADPH

12 NADP+

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 The Calvin Cycle

Two of twelve 3-carbon molecules are removed from

the cycle.

Energy Input

12

12 ADP

12 NADPH

12 NADP+

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 The Calvin Cycle

The molecules are used to produce sugars, lipids, amino

acids and other compounds.

12

12 ADP

12 NADPH

12 NADP+

6-Carbon sugar
produced

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Sugars and other compounds
 The Calvin Cycle

The 10 remaining 3-carbon molecules are converted back

into six 5-carbon molecules, which are used to begin the
next cycle.

12

12 ADP
6 ADP
12 NADPH
6
12 NADP+

5-Carbon Molecules
Regenerated

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Sugars and other compounds
 The Calvin Cycle

The two sets of photosynthetic reactions work together.

– The light-dependent reactions trap sunlight energy in
chemical form.
– The light-independent reactions use that chemical
energy to produce stable, high-energy sugars from
carbon dioxide and water.

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 Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
• Shortage of water can slow down or even stop
photosynthesis
• Light intensity
• Temperature above or below 0-35 deg C
– Temperature above or below may damage the
enzymes used in photosynthesis
8-3

In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside the

A. thylakoids.
B. chloroplasts.
C. photosystems.
D. chlorophyll.

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8-3

Energy to make ATP in the chloroplast comes most

directly from
A. hydrogen ions flowing through an enzyme in the
thylakoid membrane.
B. transfer of a phosphate from ADP.
C. electrons moving through the electron transport chai
D. electrons transferred directly from NADPH.

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8-3

NADPH is produced in light-dependent reactions and

carries energy in the form of
A. ATP.
B. high-energy electrons.
C. low-energy electrons.
D. ADP.

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8-3

What is another name for the Calvin cycle?

A. light-dependent reactions
B. light-independent reactions
C. electron transport chain
D. photosynthesis

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8-3

Which of the following factors does NOT directly

affect photosynthesis?
A. wind
B. water supply
C. temperature
D. light intensity

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 Day #7
• What happens during light-dependent reactions? Where
in the chloroplast does this occur?
• What happens during light-independent reactions? Where
in the chloroplast does this occur?

• Chemical pathways
• Cellular respiration activity
 9-1 Chemical Pathways
•Food serves as a source of raw materials for the cells in
the body and as a source of energy. Animal Cells
Animal
Mitochondrion

Plant

Plant Cells
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•Both plant and animal cells carry out the final stages of
cellular respiration in the mitochondria.

Outer membrane Intermembrane

Mitochondrion
space

Animal Cells
Inner
membrane
Plant Cells

Matrix

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 Chemical Energy and Food
•Chemical Energy and Food
• One gram of the sugar glucose (C6H12O6), when burned
in the presence of oxygen, releases 3811 calories of
heat energy.
• A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

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Chemical Energy and Food
• Cells don't “burn” glucose. Instead, they gradually
release the energy from glucose and other food
compounds.
• This process begins with a pathway called glycolysis.
• Glycolysis releases a small amount of energy.

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 What is Cellular Respiration?
• Cellular respiration is the process that
releases energy by breaking down glucose
and other food molecules in the presence of
oxygen.
• 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
• oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + Energy
 Overview of Cellular Respiration
Electrons carried in NADH

Electrons carried
in NADH and
Pyruvic FADH2
acid

Glucose Glycolysis

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

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 Process of Cellular Respiration
• Step #1 Glycolysis:
• Breaks down glucose
• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• In = glucose (C6H1206) 2 ATP
• Out = 2 pyruvic acids (NADH) , 4 ATP
 Process of Cellular Respiration
• Step #2 Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle):
• Prepares for the electron transport chain (step #3)
by rearranging carbon compounds and gathering
electrons
• Enzymes control the reactions that occur
• Occurs in the mitochondria
• In = pyruvic acid (2 NADH from step #1)
• Out = 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP and CO2
 Process of Cellular Respiration
• Step #3 Electron Transport Chain:
• Makes a lot of ATP using energy from electrons
being passed along a protein chain
• 1. electron carriers drop off e-
• 2. e- is passed a long a chain of proteins 
energy creates H+ concentration gradient
• 3. H+ molecules move back through
mitochondrial membrane via ATP synthase 
spins and creates ATP
 Electron Transport chain
• Occurs in the mitochondria
• In = 8 NADH 2 FADH2 (from step #2) , O2
• Out = 32 ATP, H2O

• 36 ATP are produced per-glucose molecule

• 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
 Day #8
• What is the difference between aerobic and
anaerobic respiration?

• Article read and answer questions

• Cellular Respiration cut-out activity
 Day #9
• What is cellular respiration?
• What is the formula?
• What are the three steps that make up cellular
respiration?

• Cell respiration lab set up

• Notes/video/online quiz
 24
The process of respiration described so far has been defined
as the release of energy when foodstuffs such as glucose
react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

This form of respiration, which needs oxygen, is called

aerobic respiration.

There is another form of respiration which does not need

oxygen and is called anaerobic respiration.

In anaerobic respiration, glucose is still broken down to

carbon dioxide with the release of energy, but without the
involvement of oxygen

The glucose is not completely broken down to CO2 and H2O

but to CO2 and alcohol (ethanol).
 25
Anaerobic respiration can be represented by the
equation
energy
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
glucose alcohol

The energy released by anaerobic respiration is considerably

less than the energy from aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic respiration takes place at some stage in the cells

of most living organisms.

For example, our own muscles resort to anaerobic

respiration when oxygen is not delivered to them fast
enough.
 26

Anaerobic respiration is widely used by many micro-organisms

such as bacteria and yeasts.

Bacteria and yeasts are microscopic single-celled organisms.

Bacteria are to be found everywhere, in or on organisms,

in water, air and soil

Yeasts are usually found in close association with

vegetable matter such as fruit
 Day #10
• Take out your lab wait for instructions to check
on your lab data

• Fermentation notes
• Fermentation lab
 Fermentation
•Fermentation
• When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a
different pathway. The combined process of this
pathway and glycolysis is called fermentation.
• Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by
producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
• Fermentation does not require oxygen—it is an
anaerobic process.
• The two main types of fermentation are lactic acid
fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

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 Fermentation
–Alcoholic Fermentation
• Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic
fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
as wastes.

–Lactic Acid Fermentation

• In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result
of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.

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• PYRUVIC ACID ___________
WITHOUTOXYGEN

ANAEROBIC
• 2 kinds of fermentation

Alcoholic & _____________________

• ____________ Lactic acid
 ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
Instead of going to ETC in cell
respiration….b/c no Oxygen is
present…sooo…
PYRUVIC
_______ +_____
ACID →ALCOHOL + CO2 + NAD+

Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise

air spacesin bread
CO2 bubbles make _____________

evaporates
Alcohol _______________
during cooking
http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg
 LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

PYRUVIC
_______ +_____
ACID → LACTIC ACID + NAD+

muscles
Happens in _____________ during
____________when
exercise body
can’t get oxygen to tissues
fast enough.

Lactic acid builds up in

muscles causing soreness http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
WHY DO FERMENTATION?
WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING
GLYCOLYSIS?
WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC
ACID ___________
builds up and all
the _______
NAD+ carriers get full.

Eventually glycolysis will

NAD+
PYRUVIC
ACID
_______ +_____ → ALCOHOLCO NAD+
__________ + ______ 2+ _____

→
LACTIC ACID NAD
______
+

→
You get the NAD+ taxis back

FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can

REGENERATE the NAD+
____________________
needed to keep glycolysis going
 Day #11

• Make a venn diagram comparing cellular

respiration to photosynthesis

• Venn Diagram
• Foldable activity
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

•Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular

Respiration
• The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular
respiration take place in opposite directions.

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Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• On a global level, photosynthesis and cellular

respiration are also opposites.
– Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
and cellular respiration puts it back.
– Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and
cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from
food.

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9-2

– The Krebs cycle breaks pyruvic acid down into

• A. oxygen.
• B. NADH.
• C. carbon dioxide.
• D. alcohol.

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9-2

– What role does the Krebs cycle play in the cell?

• A. It breaks down glucose and releases its stored
energy.
• B. It releases energy from molecules formed during
glycolysis.
• C. It combines carbon dioxide and water into high-
energy molecules.
• D. It breaks down ATP and NADH, releasing stored
energy.

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9-2

– In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is

located in the
• A. cell membrane.
• B. inner mitochondrial membrane.
• C. cytoplasm.
• D. outer mitochondrial membrane.

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9-2

– To generate energy over long periods, the body

must use
• A. stored ATP.
• B. lactic acid fermentation.
• C. cellular respiration.
• D. glycolysis.

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9-2

– Which statement correctly describes

photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
• A. Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular
respiration stores energy.
• B. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration use the same
raw materials.
• C. Cellular respiration releases energy, while
photosynthesis stores energy.
• D. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis produce the
same products.

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