Course Name : Condensed Matter Physics

Course code: SPHA5301

Batch : II M.Sc., Physics (2019-2021)
UNIT II
LATTICE DYNAMICS

Condensed Matter Physics (SPHA5301) 1

 LATTICE DYNAMICS
• Direct and Reciprocal lattice.
• Vibration modes of mono and diatomic lattices- upper and lower branches
• Born-von Karman cyclic condition
• quantization of lattice vibration-phonon momentum.
• Thermal resistivity
• Normal and Umklapp process.
• Lattice vibrations and specific heats for three dimensional lattices
• Density of Phonon modes in 1D and 3D
• Lattice heat capacity
• Inelastic scattering of neutrons by phonons-neutron diffraction
 Direct Lattice
• Any repetitive and periodic distribution of
a set of objects (or motifs) can be
characterized, or described, by the
translations that repeat the set of objects
periodically. The implied translations generate
what we call a direct lattice (or real lattice).
video
• Summarizing:
Direct space (= real space) is the space where we live..., where
atoms are..., where crystals growth..., where we imagine the
direct lattices (= real lattices).
• Reciprocal space is a mathematical space constructed on the
direct space (= real space). It is the space where reciprocal lattices
are, which will help us to understand the crystal diffraction
phenomena. 
• “Big in direct space (= in real space)”, means “small in reciprocal
space”.
• “Small in direct space (= in real space)” means “big in reciprocal
space”.
Reciprocal lattice is same as Bravais Lattice
Hence Proved
Brillouin Zone and Wigner Seitz cell

A Brillouin zone is defined as Wigner seitz cell in the reciprocal lattice

Vibration modes of mono atomic lattice

M
F = kx
8
 9 Sub. 9 in 8

10

11

12
• Dispersion relation
Vibrational mode of diatomic linear chain

M
m
• Two parts of derivation
• (i) n th atom
• (ii) n-1 th atom
+
nth atom
-- =

--

--
n-1 th atom
Born Von Karman cyclic conditions

----- (2.7)

Born–von Karman boundary conditions are periodic boundary

conditions which impose the restriction that a wave function must be
periodic on a certain Bravais lattice.
Ref. e ikr = 1 ------ (2.4)
Phonon Momentum / Resistivity of Phonons
 • Two Phonon K1 and K2 (both are positive) can by umklapp give a
phonon of negative Kx after collision.

•The vector sum of K1 and k2 must extend beyond the first

boundaries of the first Brillouin Zone for a U -Process

• In Normal process K1+K2 = K3 ( G = 0)

• In U process K1+K2 = K3 + G
Scattering of Phonons by boundaries or Grains
Scattering of Phonon by imperfections
Debye/T law
3
13a
 ex-1 = x

3
Ref 13a
 Density of Phonon states

Length of the chain - L

Displacement is u

Time period is t

Both rep. as u (x,t)

displacement = velocity x time

n is the positive integer

A is the constant
Ref. Figure
3D Phonon states
n/L = k / pi
• Continuation in notes
• Anharmonicity- Notes – Lattice heat capacity
 LATTICE DYNAMICS
• Direct and Reciprocal lattice.
• Vibration modes of mono and diatomic lattices- upper and lower branches
• Born-von Karman cyclic condition
• quantization of lattice vibration-phonon momentum.
• Thermal resistivity
• Normal and Umklapp process.
• Lattice vibrations and specific heats for three dimensional lattices
• Density of Phonon modes in 1D and 3D
• Lattice heat capacity
• Inelastic scattering of neutrons by phonons-neutron diffraction
Inelastic scattering of neutrons (INS) by phonons-neutron diffraction

 Advantage - CMP – to measure atomic and molecular motions – INS

During INS the neutron exchanges energy with the atoms in a

materials

It can absorb or emit energy equal to the Phonon energy

Energy of neutron – differs – before and after scattering – due to

energy transfer

This leads to measure – Phonon frequency

Phonon wave vectors – measurement – Triple axis spectrometer (TAS)

 TAS - Superior – INS

Phonon momentum K = Ki – Kf or K = Ki+ Kf

Energy transfer

 Experiment :

An incident neutron beam of well defined wave vector Ki is

selected from the white spectrum of the neutron source be the
monochromatic crystal (First axis)

The monochromatic beam is then scattered from the crystalline

sample (Second axis)

The intensity of the scattered beam with wave vector Kf is reflected

by the analyzer crystal ( third axis) on to the neutron detector

Energy transfer- during this process

Result
Problems
volume = mass/density
ALL THE BEST
• https://create.kahoot.it/details/cmp-quiz-3/11
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