Morphological

Process
 Morphological Process

● The morphological process is the process by which a

word is adjusted to conform to a certain context. To
put it simply, it is the process of changing the form
and function of a word to fit a context, sometimes to
the extent of changing the meaning and/or
grammatical function. These processes are not just
used in the English language—other languages use it
too.
 AFFIXATION

REDUPLICATIO
3
Kinds of
N Morphological
Process

MODIFICATION
 English language grammar rules
infographics
VOWEL
MODIFICATION

5
AFFIXATION
AFFIXATION

MODIFICATION Kinds of
Morphological
Process

REDUPLICATIO
CONSONANTS N
MODIFICATION
AFFIXATION
● Affix is a kind of bound morpheme that is fused to a word stem to form new word.It could either
inflectional or derivational.They are categorized according to the part of the word where it is
inserted or attach.

TEACHABLE
TEACHABLE is something that has a positive connotation by adding "able".
UNTEACHABLE
This could also mean opposite by adding "un" thus it becomes "UNTEACHABLE "

These added morphemes are pprefix and suffix

 AFFIXATION
Prefixes Infixes
01 03
Free morphemes that
Affixes that precede the roots or are placed are inserted within the
before a stem.When then are attached to a root or the stem to
word, they could create a new word. They create a new word.
could mean negative or indicate relation of
time, place and manner.
Types of
Affixation
Circumfixes
Suffixes Affixes attached in two parts to the stem or

02
Are morphemes added at the end of root words or
stem to form a derivative word. These are usually
case endings to signify cases of nouns, adjectives
and verbs. An inflectional suffix is sometimes
called " desinence"
04
roots. When prefixes are attached at the
beginning and suffixes are attached at the end
of the words, circumfix consists of two parts- a
prefix and a suffix that together create a new
words.
Theprefix and the suffix are not considered as
separate
 Prefixes
01
Affixes that precede the roots or are
placed before a stem.When then are
attached to a word, they could create a
new word. They could mean negative or
indicate relation of time, place and
manner.
 Prefixes include
Anti- Against, opposed Ex. Anti-racist, anti-war

Autobiography,automobil
Auto Self
e

Co Together Collaborate, cooperate

Opposite,
Decompose, deject,
De negative,removal,sepa
demote
ration

Dissapprove,
Dis Opposite, negative
dismissed

Downgrade,
Down Reduce, lower
downhearted

En Cause, to be Enforce, enable

Former, previous, Expose, extract, ex-

Ex
remove marine
 Prefixes include
Extraterrestial,
Extra Outside, beyond
extraordinary

Hyperactive,
Hyper Extreme
hypertension

im Opposite Impossible, improbable

in negative, not inapt, inbred

intermediate,
Inter Between
interactive

Non-appearance, non-
non Absence, not
submission

mega Very big, important Megabyte, megaton

Mid Middle Midday, midnight

 Prefixes include
Mis Incorrectly, badly Mismatched, misled

Over Too much Oversee, overcook

Out Go beyond Outstanding, outrun

Pre Before, early time Prewar, preface

Post After Postpartum, postwar

Semi-circle, semi-
Semi Half
structured

Submarine,
Sub Under, below
subsequent

Superman,
Super Above, beyond
supermodel
 Prefixes include
re Again, repeatedly Repeat, rep

Tele At a distance Telephone, television

Transportation,
Trans Across
translation

Negative, not,
Un Unattended, unsure
opposite, reversal

Ultrasound, ultra-
Ultra Extremely
compact

Undercook,
Under Less, beneath
understimate

up make higher Uphold, uphill

 Suffixes
02 Are morphemes added at the end
of root words or stem to form a
derivative word. These are usually
case endings to signify cases of
nouns, adjectives and verbs. An
inflectional suffix is sometimes
called " desinence"
 Suffixes includes
Amount of time, period,
age Ex. Baggage, village
place

al Having Arrival, deferral

Capable, adaptable,
able Sense of being
punishable

ance/ence Deference, defiance

dom state, condition Boredom, freedom

ee Receiver, performer Employee, trainee

particular condition,
hood Livelihood, brotherhood
nature

er Agent Teacher, manager

 Suffixes includes
ful characterized by Respectful, beautiful

fy causes, makes, become specify, clarify

state or condition, a
ism patriotism, nationalism
practice or action

less the lack of clueless, careless

the manner of doing

ly carefully, generously
things

ment state of being or doing amazement, parliament

ry qualities, practice trickery, robbery

ology study, science Morphology, phonology

 Suffixes includes

Relationship,
ship condition, character, skill
companionship

characterized by, inclination,

y ubiquity, ufology
condition
 Infixes
Free morphemes that are inserted
03 within the root or the stem to create
a new word.
Spoonful spoonsful Mother-in-law Mothers-in-law

passerbly passersby runner-up runners-up

 Infixes are also found in english slang such as
Saxophone
- Saxo-ma-phone

Absolutely - Abso-schmuking-lutely

Fantastic - Fun-bloody-tastic

In tagalog language include

-um- added to the word "bili" to make it ""bumili" or bought
In indonesia
-cerlang 'Iuminous',cemerlang 'brilliant'
 Circumfixes
Affixes attached in two parts to the stem or roots. When prefixes are attached at the beginning and

04 suffixes are attached at the end of the words, circumfix consists of two parts- a prefix and a suffix
that together create a new words.
Theprefix and the suffix are not considered as separate
For examples:

Enlighten - en, en Indifferently - in, ly

Embolden - em, en Illegality - il, ty Immaturity - im, ty

Inadvisably - in, ably Immorbility - im, ty

MODIFICATION
MODIFICATION
Process involves alteration within a root or stem
to adjust to a grammatical requirements of the
word in a sentence. This is also similar to a
simulfix where there is a modification or
change of vowels or consonants, which changes
the sense of a word.
 MODIFICATION
Examples

calf - calves leaf - leaves

knife - knives loaf - loaves

thief - thieves wolf - wolves

 MODIFICATION

Consonant Vowel
Modification Modification

Involves changing of the

consonants to change its Involves changing of
categorical meaning the vowel of change its
categorical meaning.
 Consonant Modification
Examples advice advise

grief grieve

Device devise

offend offense

ascend ascent

belief believe

proof prove

defend defense

bend bent

descend descent
 Vowel Modification
Examples begin began

speak spoke

bind bound

foot feet

ring rang

steal stole

find found

tooth teeth
REDUPLICATION
 REDUPLICATIO
is a special word formation N
where all or a part
of the base is repeated as a prefix or suffix.
Reduplication could be done in three ways

Rhyming Repetition Ablaut

REPETITION- This is done by repeating word
Examples:
so - so
bye - bye
goody - goody
bling - bling
knock -knock
night - night
RRHYMING - this is done by rhyming the
two halves of the new word.
Examples: walkie - talkie
nitty - gitty willy - nilly
hanky - panky hodge - podge
abra - cadabra chick - flick
tweeny -weeny hocus -pocus
jeepers -creepers lovey -dovey
mumbo - jumbo topsy - turvy
ABLAUT - this is done by shifting the vowel which changes the word.
These reduplication show a "to and fro" motion or a shifting state from
one form to another.
Examples:
pitter - patter riff - raff
flim - flam okey - dokey
hip - hop criscross
ding - dong flip - flop
knick -knack mish - mash
ping - pong see - saw
sing - song tick - tock
zig - zag ding - dong
Thank you