3.

50: shall: should

Shall
(1) Willingness on the part of the speaker in 2nd and 3rd person. Restricted use
- He shall get his money
- You shall do exactly as you wish

(2) Intention on the part of the speaker, only in 1st person( singular & plural)
- I shan’t be long
- We shall let you know our decision
- We shall overcome
(3) a Insistence. Restricted use
b Legal and quasi-legal injunction , ‫انذار وصية ن صيحة‬
-You shall do as I say
-He shall be punished
-The vendor shall maintain the equipment in good repair
• Shall is rarely used but if the reference is to the intention, and will is preferred except
with 1st person questions.
shall I open the window?
*will I open the window?
look here:
what shall we drink?
what will we drink?

Shall is used to ask for instructions and will is non- volitional future‫اختياري‬, but now it
becomes common in all texts.
How will I get there? What will I do? Which will I take?
• This usage is predominantly AmE (though should is commonly preferred) but
examples may be found in BrE too. A similar meaning is also conveyed by be going to:
• What are we going to do?
• Should:
• (1) Obligation and logical necessity ( = ought to)
-You should do as he says
-They should be home by now
• (2) ‘Putative‫ وهم ’ي‬use after certain expressions, eg: -it is a pity that, -I am surprised
that
• It is odd that you should say this to me
• I am sorry that this should have happened

3) Contingent use (1st person only and especially BrE) in the main clause would)
We should love to go abroad (if we had the chance)
We would had the chance
• (4) In rather formal real conditions
• If you should change your mind, please let us know