Three basic laws describes how matter

behaves in chemical reaction

Law of conservation of mass )1

Law of definite proportions )2

Law of multiple proportion )3

Law of conservation of mass
mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary
.chemical reaction or physical change

:Example
Na is 39.34% always by mass and 60.66% Cl by mass in
the compound NaCl
Law of conservation of mass
Law of definite proportions
Chemical compound contains the same elements in
exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the
size of the sample
:Example
Water : its composition is that of two H and one O
It was found that the proportion is 1 (H) : 8 (O) always
Law of definite proportions
Law of definite proportions
Law of multiple proportions
if two elements form more than one compound, then
the ratios of the masses of the second element which
combine with a fixed mass of the first element will
always be ratios of small whole number
Law of multiple proportions
:Example
CO₂ CO
C: O C:O
1.33:1 2.66:1
2:1 2.66:1.33
Law of multiple proportions
Law of multiple proportions
 Dalton’s atomic theory
:Dalton proposed an explanation that encompassed all these laws

Everything is composed of atoms, which are the )1

indivisible building blocks of matter and cannot be
destroyed

All atoms of an element are identical )2

.The atoms of different elements vary in size and mass )3

 Dalton’s atomic theory
Compounds are produced through different )4
.whole-number combinations of atoms

A chemical reaction results in the rearrangement )5

.of atoms in the reactant and product compounds
Flaws of Dalton’s theory
Today we know that atoms are divisible into even )1
small particles

A given element can have atoms with different )2

masses
Dalton’s atomic theory has not been
discarded
The law of conservation of mass still holds true for
chemical reactions

All matter is composed of atoms

Atoms of any one element differ in properties from

atoms of another element