AUTOMATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

(AIS)
FOR MEDICAL PURPOSE
BASIC CONCEPTS
 A system (from the Greek systema - a whole, a connection
made up of parts) is a set of elements interacting with each
other, forming a certain integrity, unity. Examples - the
human body, AIS management of a medical university.
 A system element is a part of a system that has a specific
functional purpose. Complex elements of systems, in turn
consisting of simpler interconnected elements, are often
called subsystems. Examples are the human circulatory system,
the accounting system.
 The organization of the system is the internal order, the
consistency of the interaction of the elements of the
system, which manifests itself, in particular, in limiting the
diversity of the states of the elements within the system.
Examples - the norm of blood pressure, salary according to the
staffing table.
BASIC CONCEPTS
 The structure of the system is the composition, order and
principles of interaction of the elements of the system,
which determine the main properties of the system.
 The structure of the system can be - linear, hierarchical,
network.
 System architecture is a set of system properties that are
essential for the user.
 The integrity of the system is the fundamental irreducibility
of the properties of the system to the sum of the properties
of its individual elements (the emergence of properties)
and, at the same time, the dependence of the properties of
each element on its place and function within the system.
 Automated Information System (AIS) - an interconnected set
of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and
issue information in order to achieve the goal
Classification of AIS by scale

 By scale, automated information systems are divided into the

following groups:
 single;
 group;
 corporate.
 Single information systems are implemented, as a rule, on a
stand-alone personal computer (the network is not used). Such
a system may contain several applications connected by a
common information fund, and is designed for the operation
of one user or a group of users who share one workplace in
time.
 Similar applications are used as specialized automated
workstations (AWPs) of medical personnel.
 Examples - biochemical laboratory, x-ray machine, ultrasound.
 Group information systems are focused on the
collective use of information by members of the
working group and are usually built on the basis of
a local area network.
Examples - electronic registry, electronic medical history, AIS
"Treatment Department«
When developing such applications, database servers
(SQL servers) are used for workgroups.
 The most famous database servers are Oracle, DB2,
Microsoft SQL Server, InterBase, Sybase, Informix.
 Enterprise information systems are an evolution of
systems for workgroups, they are focused on large
companies and can support geographically
dispersed nodes or networks. Examples - AIS of
health facilities, AIS of the pharmacy chain of the
region (macro-region), AIS of the territorial level.
 Corporate AIS have a hierarchical structure of several
levels. Such systems are characterized by a client-
server architecture with specialization of servers or a
multi-level architecture. When developing such
systems, the same database servers can be used as
when developing group information systems.
However, in large information systems, the most
widely used servers are Oracle, DB2 and Microsoft
SQL Server.
 Classification of
AIS by scope
By scope, automated information
systems are usually divided into four
groups:
transaction processing systems;
decision support systems;
information and reference systems;
office information systems.
 Transaction processing systems
Transaction processing systems - designed to quickly obtain
information on the object or group of objects of interest to
the user.
Examples - obtaining ECG data of a patient in his electronic
card, the number of patients who visited a doctor N,
obtaining information on the compatibility of the
pharmacological drugs used.
According to the efficiency of data processing, they are
divided into batch information systems and operational
information systems.
Online transaction processing mode - a reflection of the
current state of the subject area at any time
Batch processing mode - transmits data after a certain period
of time.
Decision support systems - DSS (Decision Support Systems) -
are a type of information systems in which, with the help of
rather complex queries, data is selected and analyzed in
various sections: temporal, geographical and other indicators.

An extensive class of information and reference systems is

based on hypertext documents and multimedia. Such
information systems have received the greatest development
on the Internet.

The class of office information systems is aimed at converting

paper documents into electronic form, office automation and
document management.
 Classification of AIS according to the method of organization

According to the method of organization, group and

corporate information systems are divided into the
following classes:
 systems based on file-server architecture;
 systems based on client-server architecture;
 systems based on multi-level architecture;
 systems based on Internet/Intranet technologies.
In any information system, it is possible to identify the
necessary functional components that help to
understand the limitations of various information
system architectures.
Basic concepts of "client-server"
technology
 What is a client-server architecture?
The client-server system is characterized by the presence of
two interacting independent processes - the client and the
server, which run on different computers, exchanging data
over the network.
Servers are processes that implement some service, such as a
file system or database service.
Clients are processes that request data from the server
service by sending a request and then waiting for a response
from the server .
 According to this scheme, data processing systems based on
DBMS, mail and other systems are built. We will talk about
databases and systems based on them. Let's compare the client-
server architecture with the file-server one.

 In a file server system, data is stored on a file server and

processed at workstations.

 The application on the workstation is "responsible for

everything" - for the formation of the user interface, the logical
processing of data and for the direct manipulation of data. The
file server provides only the lowest level services - opening,
closing and modifying files. Please note - files, not databases.
The database management system is located on the
workstation.
 FILE-SERVER
architecture
 Only retrieves data from files
stored on the server

 All data processing happens on

the clients

 Additional users and

applications add only a minor
load to the server.

 Each new client adds processing

power to the network.
 Client-server architecture
TWO-TIER CLIENT-SERVER
 The system has two MODEL
applications - a client and a
server, which share the main
functions.

 The database server is engaged

in the storage and direct
manipulation of data (Microsoft
SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase)

 The client is engaged in the

formation of the user interface
(special tools, as well as
desktop DBMS).
 Client-server architecture
 The client sends SQL queries to the server.The server
processes these requests and sends the result to the
client (of course, there can be many clients).

 Thus, one process, the server, is directly involved in

data manipulation.

 Data processing takes place in the same place where

the data is stored - on the server, which eliminates
the need to transfer large amounts of data over the
network.
 Comparison of file-server and
client-server architectures
File server architecture Client-server architecture
1. data is directly 1. one process is directly involved
manipulated by several in data manipulation
independent and 2. data processing takes place in
inconsistent processes.to the same place where the data
carry out any processing is stored - on the server, which
(search, modification, eliminates the need to transfer
summation, etc.), large amounts of data over the
network
2. all data must be
3. The server must have a very
transferred over the
significant processing power
network from the server
to the workstation
3. The workstation must
have significant
computing power
 Three-tier client-server architecture
In a three-tier application, a third, intermediate layer appears that implements
business rules, which are the most frequently changed components of the
application.
Why do we need many levels
 The presence of not one, but several layers allows you to flexibly
and cost-effectively adapt the application to changing business
requirements.
 Example: In one organization, the payroll rules (business rules) have
changed and the related software needs to be updated.
 1) In a file server system, we "simply" make changes to the
application and update its versions on the workstations. But this
"simple" entails maximum labor costs.
 2) In a two-level client-server system, if the payroll algorithm is
implemented on the server in the form of a payroll rule, it is
executed by a business rules server, made, for example, in the form
of an OLE server, and we will update one of its objects without
changing anything neither in the client application nor on the
database server.
 3) In a three-level system, you can simply replace the payroll server.
Scheme of operation of a three-level client-server system