Growth

• Increase in the number of cells,

connective tissue, bones, muscles, organ
systems and others

• Increase in physical size

o Body height or weight
o Head circumference
Factors affecting growth
and development
• Internal • External
– Race, ethnics – Nutrition
– Genetic: parents, grandparents – Diseases
– Intrauterine process: nutrition, – Pollution
disease, drugs, pollution, toxin – Exercise
– Gender – Emotion
– Age
– Genetic
– Chromosome abnormalities
Development
• Maturation of organ systems, especially
the brain and the muscular nervous
system
• Maturation of all organ functions:
o SENSORY : hearing, sight o SOCIO-EMOTIONAL/BEHAVIOUR

o MOTOR : fine motoric, gross motoric o SELF HELP

o CREATIVITY
o COGNITIVE : knowledge, intellegence
o LEADERSHIP
o COMMUNICATIN/LANGUAGE
o SPIRITUAL
 Growth and development go simultaneously

Development is the result of the interaction of the

maturity of the central nervous system with organs
it influences
Child’s Growth and Development Period

1. Prenatal/ Intrauterine Phase

• Zygote: conception - 2 weeks
• Embrio : 2 - 8/12 weeks
• Fetusl: 9/12 weeks – end of gestation
 Early fetus: 9 weeks – 2nd trimester
 Late fetus: end of trimester
2. Infant Phase: 0-11 months
• Neonates : 0 – 28 days
 Early : 0- 7 days
 Late : 8- 28 days
Adaptation to the environment and blood circulation adjustment
• Post natal : 29 days – 11 months
central nervous system function

3. Toddler: 12-29 months

Growth and development of brain cells happened on the first three years of life

4. Pre-school: 60-72 months

Child friendly environment is crucial in this phase
Why you need to monitor child growth &
development?
• Defines the quality of next generation  age 0-3 years old = peak of
brain development
• Developmental and behavior disorders must be detected from early
stages, especially age < 3 years old
• Delayed detection  delayed management  difficult to manage
Monitoring Child Growth & Development
• Who needs to be monitor?
o All children
o Especially high risk baby
• Who’s monitoring?
o Parents, nurse/midwife, doctor (pre-screening)
o High risk group: pediatrician
• How?
o Weigh & measurement
o Pre screening tools: KPSP, KIA books, KMS, PEDS, etc
o Screening tools: Denver II, ASQ
Monitoring Child Growth & Development
• When?
o When healthy
o As early as possible until teenager
• Where?
o Hospital, puskesmas
• Interpretation?
o Suspect delayed growth & development  refer  assesment
o
• Next step?
o Evaluation & intervention
 MACRO

CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ROLE OF ENVIRONMENT FULFILL THE

MESO
BASIC NEEDS

MINI

MICRO

MOTHER, SUBSTITUTE

FATHER, SIBLINGS, CAREGIVER, TOYS,

STIMULATION
HEALTH AND EDUCATION SERVICES

WHO, UNICEF, GOVERNMENT,

PROFESSIONAL POLICY

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS
Basic Needs
Biological Psychosocial and Stimulation
Emotional (since 6 month of gestation)
• Carbohydrate, protein,
fat, vitamin, and mineral • Affection from parents • Sensory, motoric, cognitive,
communication
balance • Parenting: democracy, • Language, socio-emotion,
• Immunization dictator, permissive, independence, creativity,
• Hygiene uninvolved teamwork, religion, and
• Physical activity • Attention leadership
• Medical service • Care • Repetitive experiences:
parental voice, music,
• Protection movement, touch, talk, sing,
• Help play, brain teaser, write, draw
• Reward
• Role model
Growth and Development
Monitoring
• Age < 1 year old: every months
• Age 1-3 years old: every 3 months
• Age 3-5 years old: every six months
• Age > 5 years old: every year
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