CLASS X

BIOLOGY
 CONTENTS

 1  CELL CYCLE
 2  HOMEOSTASIS
 3  CO-ORDINATION AND CONTROL
CHAPTER 1 1
CELL CYCLE
 Topics
Overview of the Cell Cycle and Its Control 2
Molecular Mechanisms for Regulating M & S
Phase Events
Mitogen-stimulated Entry of Cells into the Cell
Cycle
Surveillance Mechanisms in Cell-cycle
Regulation
 Goals
• Learn the roles of 1) cyclins and cycling-dependent protein
kinases (CDKs), & 2) ubiquitin-protein ligases in regulation of
the cell cycle.
• Learn the molecular mechanisms for regulation of mitosis and
S-phase events.
• Learn how mitogens propel quiescent cells into the cell cycle.
• Learn how checkpoint mechanisms ensure quality control in
cell cycle events.
 Major Events in the Cell Cycle 3
The cell cycle proceeds via four phases in cycling
(replicating) somatic cells. These phases are designated
the G1, S, G2, and M phases (Fig. 19.1). In G1 phase, cells
synthesize many of the proteins that will be used for
DNA synthesis and chromosome replication during S
phase. G2 follows S and is a transitional period preceding
M phase. M phase is a multistage period wherein
chromosomes separate and the cell divides. In a dividing
mammalian cell, the four phases of the cell cycle
typically require 9 h, 10 h, 4.5 h, and 30 min
respectively. Many cells in adult multicellular organisms
do not proliferate and never, or at least rarely, divide.
These cells exit the cell cycle in G1 phase and enter a
quiescent phase called G0.
4
 Review of M Phase Processes (I)
From an ultrastructural standpoint, M phase
processes are the most complex. In comparison,
few changes are visibly apparent in most cells
during interphase, which consists of the combined
G1, S, and G2 phases. M phase is subdivided into 4
main periods--prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase (Fig. 18.36). In prophase, replicated
chromosomes condense and become visible. In
prometaphase, the nuclear membrane retracts and
the mitotic apparatus known as the spindle forms.
Kinetochores assemble at centromeres and attach
the chromosomes to the mitotic spindle fibers. In
metaphase, chromosomes line up on the metaphase
plate in the center of the spindle.