Mosquito borne disease

Arthropod borne diseases

 Mosquito
– Malaria
– Filaria
– Viral encephalitis (Japanese encephalitis)
– Viral fevers
 Dengue, West Nile,
– Viral hemorrhagic fevers
 Yellow fevers
 Dengue hemorrhagic fevers
Important parts of mosquito
Important groups of mosquito

 Anophelenes
Important groups of mosquito

 Aedes
– Tiger mosquito, white
stripes
– Breeds in artificial
accumulations and human
dwellings, broken bottles,
flower pots, coconut shells,
tree holes
– Bite during the days
– Do not fly for long distance
Important groups of mosquito

 Culex:
– Breed in stagnant drains, cesspools, septic tanks,
burrow pits
– Peak biting at midnight
Important groups of mosquito

 Mansonia
– Breed in ponds and
lakes containing
aquatic plants the
larvae and pupae are
found attached to the
rootlets of the plants
Habits of mosquito

 Feeding habits
– The male never bites: survive on plant juice
– Females are haematophagous
 Timing of biting
– Usually at evening
 Resting habits
– Resides in the dark and cool corners
Habits of mosquito

 Breeding habits
– Anophelines prefer clean water
– Culicines prefer dirty and polluted water
– Aedes: artificial collection of water
– Mansonia: water containing aquatic plants
 Hibernation
– When environmental conditions are not
favourable
– Usually winters
Habits of mosquito

 Dispersal
– Generally do not fly far
– Average fly distance: 11 km
 Life span
– Influenced by temperature and humidity
– Both high and low temperature are fatal
– The male has a very short life span, female 8-34
days
Mosquito borne disease

 Anopheles  Aedes
– Malaria – Yellow fever
– Filaria – Dengue
 Culex – Dengue hemorrhagic fever
– Bancroftian filariasis – Chikungunya fever
– Japanese encephalitis – Chikungunya hemorrhagic
fever
– West Nile fever
– Rift valley fever
– Viral arthritis
 Mansonoides
– Malayan (Brugian) filariasis
– Chikungunya fever
Mosquito control measures

 Anti-larval measures
– Environmental control
– Chemical control
– Biological control
 Anti-adult measures
– Residual sprays
– Space sprays
– Genetic control
 Protection against mosquito bites
– Mosquito nets, screening, repellents
Anti-larval measures

 Environmental control
– Eliminate breeding: ‘source reduction’
 Filing, leveling and drainage of breeding places
 Intermittent irrigation
 Removal of disposal of sewage and waste water
 Do not allow any water container outside
Anti-larval measures

 Chemical control
– Mineral oils
 Oldest methods, eg diesel oil, fuel oil or kerosene
 Oil kills larvae and pupae
– Paris green
 Paris green or copper acetoarsenite
 It is a stomach poison when ingested by mosquito
 Suitable for anopheles
– Synthetic insecticides
 Fenthion, Chlorpyrifos and Abate are effective larvicides
 These are organophosphate compounds
Anti-larval measures

 Biological control
– Small fish feed on mosquito larva. Eg Gambusia
affinis and Lebister reticulatus
Anti-adult measures

 Residual sprays
– DDT
– Malathion
– Lindane (gamma-HCH)
 Space sprays
– Pyrethrum extract
 An extract of pyrethrum flowers
 A nerve poison, kills on contact
Protection against mosquito bites

 Mosquito net
 Repellents
– Applied over skin
– Diethyltoluamide (deet)
– Indalone
Insecticides
Insecticides

 Insecticides are substances which are used to kill

insects
 Pesticides, includes
– Insecticides
– Fungicides
– Rodenticides
– Herbicides
– Disinfectants
– Repellents
Insecticides

 Classification
– Contact poison: kills primarily by contact
 Eg, Pyrethrum, DDT, HCH
 Some contact poison can also kill by stomach poison

– Stomach poisons: when ingested cause the death of the

insects
 Eg, Paris green, Sodium fluoride

– Fumigants: gives off vapors which have a lethal effect on

the insects
 Eg, Sulphur dioxide
Vector control: Insecticides

 Group I
– Organochlorine compounds
 DDT, HCH, Dieldrin, Chlordane

 Group II
– Organophosphorous compounds
 Eg, Malathion, Fenthion, CHlorpyrifos, Abate

 Group III
– Carbamates
 Propoxur, Carbaryl
DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane

 Primarily a contact poison

 Causes paralysis of legs, wings, convulsions
and death following contact
 Adverse effects on plants and living
organisms
HCH: Hexa-chlorocyclo-hexane
BHC: Benzene hexachloride

 Kills by direct contact

 Irritating to eyes, nose and skin
 More insecticidal than DDT
Malathion

 Least toxic than other organophosphorus

compound
 At present recommended insecticidal agent
 Available as mosquito spray