STATISCAL

DIAGRAMS
PRESENTATION OF DATA
 Types of Statistical Diagrams

Bar Graphs Pie Graphs Line Graphs

Cumulative
Frequency
Histograms Frequency
Polygons
Curves
Types of Data
• Discrete Data – refers to
data that are only whole
numbers and can never
take fractional answers. The
Bar Charts, Pie Chart and
Line Graph are used to
represent Discrete Data.
NB: Line graph can only be
used when the data has an
independent variable of
time.
• Continuous Data – data
that can take on fractional
numerical values. The
Histogram, Frequency
Polygon and The Ogive
(Cumulative Frequency
Curve) are used to illustrate
continuous data.
Types of Variables
• Dependent variable – • Independent variable –
usually this variable is on usually represented on the
the y-axis of any graph. For x-axis. For example; Time in
example; Growth of terms of days.
Seedlings will be measured
in length (cm, or mm).
Categories of Data
Data are categorized in three (3) forms; raw data (the data
that has just been collected and there is no organization of it),
ungrouped data (the data has now been organized in some
Tally or Frequency Table), or grouped data (data is organized
on a Frequency Table according to groups or “class intervals”
as they more correctly referred to as. Some features of
Grouped Data would be the Class Intervals, Class Limits, Class
Boundaries, Class Midpoints and Class Size or Width.
Organization of Data
• Tally Charts – Keep in
mind that data collection is
already in some tabular
form, the Tally Chart is
used to organized the data.
• Frequency Tables - Keep in
mind that data collection is
already in some tabular
form, the Tally Chart is
used to organized the data.

NB: Organization of Data refers to the sequential presentation

of data in one of the three forms, tabular, tally chart or
frequency table.
 When to use the various statistical diagrams?
Bar Chart
• When the data are given in whole no.s.
• When the data are to be easily compared.

Pie Chart
• When the data are given as %.
• When different aspect of a variable are to be compared e.g. parts
of a whole.
 When to use the various statistical diagrams?
Frequency Polygon
• When data are given in the form of frequencies.
• When two or more groups have to be displayed and/or
compared on a diagram.
Ogive
• When the number of class intervals are very large i.e.,
width of the class intervals are very small and the total no.
of observations are to be increased indefinitely.
• To determine the interquartile ranges and the median.
 When to use the various statistical diagrams?
Line Graph
• They are used to track changes over short and long
periods of time. Line graphs can also be used to compare
changes over the same period of time for more than one
group.
Histogram
• When data are given in the form of frequency.
• When class interval has to be displayed by a diagram.
• To determine the mode.
Bar
Graph/Chart
Vertical Comparative
Bar
Graph/Chart
Simple Vertical
Bar Chart
Comparative 3D
Bar Chart
Stacked Vertical
Line Graph
Line Graph
Comparative Line
Click icon to add picture

Pie Chart
3D Pie
Pie Chart
Simple Pie
Pie Chart
Exploded Pie
Pie Chart
3D Exploded
Click icon to add picture

Histogram
Frequency
Polygon
Length Frequency Cumulative Frequency

21-24 3 3

25-28 7 10 (= 3 + 7)
Cumulative
29-32 12 22 (= 3 + 7 + 12)
Frequency
Table .
33-36 6 28 (= 3 + 7 + 12 + 6) The table shows
the lengths (in
37-40 4 32 (= 3 + 7 + 12 + 6 + 4) cm) of 32
cucumbers.
Cumulative
Frequency
Curve or Ogive
 Pointers When Presenting Your Charts/Graphs
 All tables are to be labeled with the name “Table 1 Shows…..”, “Table 2….illustrates….”, etc.
 All charts and graphs are to be labeled with the name “Figure 1 shows….”, “Figure 2
demonstrates…..”, etc.
 These labels can either be above or below the tables, graphs and charts. There are no
description for the tables or charts or graphs under or above them. These description are left
for the Analysis of Data.
 Besides Microsoft Excel, there are 2 Open Source Spreadsheet Applications you can use and
an online one as well. The Online one is called “metachart”
Meta-Chart - Free online graphing tool. Visualize data with pie, bar , venn charts and more.

 Metachart does not do frequency polygon or ogive.

Free Math Help - Math Lessons, Tutorials, Solvers and Stats Calculators Online (mathcracker.
com)
. Math Cracker does the frequency Polygon and the Ogive.
 The 2 open source spreadsheet applications are Libre Office, and Open Office. These are
downloadable applications just like Excel, except you don’t need activation or licenses.
Have a happy day.
Goodbye & Thank you for watching.