PROJECT

TOPIC: Getting to know Great Britain.

SUBTOPIC: History and geography of Great Britain.

SUBJECT: English

GROUP MEMBERS: ∙ Imelda Cadri

∙ Aida Qeti
∙ Josif Bodurri
∙ Denald Sinani
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND
• England has a rich and complex history that dates back
thousands of years. From the Roman conquest of
England in 43 AD to the reign of Queen Elizabeth II,
England has seen many changes and developments.
• One of the most significant events in English history was
the Norman Conquest in 1066. This marked the
beginning of the Norman dynasty and the establishment
of Norman rule in England. The Normans brought
significant cultural and social changes to England,
including the introduction of French as the language of
the court and the construction of many castles and
cathedrals.
• During the Middle Ages, England saw significant
political, social, and religious changes. The Magna Carta,
which was signed in 1215, established the principle of the
rule of law and limited the power of the monarchy. The
Black Death, which swept through England in the 14th
century, had a significant impact on the country's
population and economy.
• The Tudor period, which began in 1485, saw the rise of
some of England's most famous monarchs, including
Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. This period was marked by
significant religious and political changes, including the
establishment of the Church of England and the
beginning of English colonization in the New World.
• The 18th and 19th centuries saw significant social,
economic, and political changes in England. The
Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes
in the country's economy, while the growth of the British
Empire made England one of the most powerful nations
in the world.
• Today, England is a constitutional monarchy with a rich
cultural heritage and a diverse population. Its history is a
testament to the resilience and adaptability of the
English people, and it continues to shape the country's
identity and culture to this day.
 GEOGRAPHY OF ENGLAND
• England is a country located in the southern part of the
island of Great Britain in Europe. It is bordered by
Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The country
has a diverse geography that includes rolling hills,
rugged coastlines, and fertile plains.
• The highest point in England is Scafell Pike, which stands
at 978 meters (3,209 feet) tall. The Lake District in the
north of England is home to many of the country's
highest peaks, as well as beautiful lakes and valleys.
• The River Thames is the longest river in England,
stretching for 346 kilometers (215 miles) from its source
in the Cotswold Hills to the North Sea. The river is an
important transport route and has played a significant
role in the country's history.
• England's coastline is varied, with rugged cliffs, sandy
beaches, and bustling ports. The Jurassic Coast in the
south of England is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is
home to some of the country's most spectacular coastal
scenery.
• The country's climate is mild and temperate, with warm
summers and cool winters. The Gulf Stream, which
brings warm water from the Caribbean, helps to keep the
country's climate relatively mild throughout the year.
• England is a densely populated country, with the majority
of the population living in urban areas. London, the
capital city, is home to more than eight million people
and is one of the world's most important financial and
cultural centers.
• In conclusion, England has a diverse geography that
includes mountains, rivers, coastlines, and plains. Its mild
climate and varied landscape make it a popular
destination for tourists from around the world.
 HISTORY OF SCOTLAND

• Scotland is a country located in the northern part of the

island of Great Britain in Europe. The history of Scotland
is rich and complex, with evidence of human habitation
dating back more than 10,000 years. The earliest known
inhabitants of Scotland were the Picts, who lived in the
region from around 300 BC until the 9th century AD. The
Picts were known for their distinctive art and were skilled
farmers and hunters. In the 9th century AD, the Vikings
invaded Scotland and established settlements
throughout the country. The Vikings were known for
their seafaring skills and their influence can still be seen
in some of Scotland's place names.
• In the 11th century AD, Scotland was united under one
king, Malcolm III. During this time, Scotland developed a
strong sense of national identity and began to establish
itself as an independent country. In the 13th century AD,
Scotland was invaded by the English under King Edward
I. The two countries were at war for many years, with
Scotland winning several victories over the English.
However, in 1296, the English defeated the Scots at the
Battle of Dunbar and took control of the country.
• Scotland regained its independence in the 14th century
AD under the leadership of Robert the Bruce. The
country continued to be a major player in European
politics for many years, with Scotland's universities and
scholars making significant contributions to the fields of
science, philosophy, and literature. In the 18th century
AD, Scotland became part of the United Kingdom after
the Act of Union was signed. The country continued to
play an important role in the UK's political and cultural
life, with many Scottish writers, artists, and musicians
becoming world-renowned.
• Today, Scotland is a modern and vibrant country that is
home to more than five million people. Its rich history
and culture continue to attract visitors from around the
world, with many people coming to experience
Scotland's stunning landscapes, rich heritage, and warm
hospitality. From the rugged Highlands to the bustling
cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, Scotland offers
something for everyone. Whether you're interested in
history, culture, or outdoor adventure, Scotland is a
destination that is sure to leave a lasting impression.
 GEOGRAPHY OF SCOTLAND

• Scotland is a country located in the northern part of the

island of Great Britain in Europe. It is bordered by
England to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the north
and west. Scotland has a diverse geography, with rugged
mountains, rolling hills, and stunning coastlines. The
country's highest peak is Ben Nevis, which stands at
1,345 meters (4,411 feet) above sea level. The Scottish
Highlands are a mountainous region in the north and
west of the country, with peaks that rise to more than
1,000 meters (3,281 feet) above sea level. The Highlands
are home to some of Scotland's most stunning
landscapes, including Loch Ness and the Cairngorms
National Park.
• Scotland also has a number of islands, including the
Hebrides, which are located off the west coast of the
mainland. The islands are known for their rugged
landscapes, stunning beaches, and rich history and
culture. The Isle of Skye is one of the most popular
islands to visit, with its dramatic mountain ranges,
crystal-clear lochs, and picturesque villages.
• Scotland's coastline is also a major feature of its
geography, with more than 6,000 kilometers (3,728
miles) of coastline to explore. The coastline is home to a
number of stunning beaches, as well as rugged cliffs and
rocky coves. The North Sea is located to the east of
Scotland, while the Atlantic Ocean is located to the west.
• Overall, Scotland's geography is diverse and stunning,
with something to offer everyone. Whether you're
interested in hiking, wildlife watching, or simply soaking
up the country's rich history and culture, Scotland is a
destination that is sure to leave a lasting impression.
 HISTORY OF WALES
• Wales is a country with a rich and fascinating history that
dates back to the Paleolithic era. Evidence of human
habitation in Wales dates back more than 200,000 years,
with the earliest known human remains in the country
found in the Pontnewydd Cave in Denbighshire.
• One of the most significant periods in Welsh history was
the Roman occupation, which lasted from the 1st to the
5th century AD. During this time, the Romans built a
number of forts and settlements in Wales, including the
town of Caerleon, which was one of the most important
military centers in Roman Britain. The Romans also
established a number of roads and trade routes in Wales,
which helped to connect the country to the rest of the
Roman Empire.
• Following the fall of the Roman Empire, Wales was
invaded by a number of different groups, including the
Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings. In the 11th century, the
Normans invaded Wales, and by the 13th century, much
of the country had been brought under English control.
This period of English domination led to a number of
conflicts between the Welsh and the English, including
the famous battles of Crecy and Agincourt.
• Despite the challenges it has faced over the centuries,
Wales has managed to maintain a strong sense of
identity and culture. The Welsh language, for example,
has survived for more than a thousand years, and is still
spoken by a significant portion of the population today.
Wales has also produced a number of notable writers,
musicians, and artists over the years, including Dylan
Thomas, Tom Jones, and Charlotte Church.
• In the 20th century, Wales became an important center
of the coal mining industry, with many Welsh towns and
cities growing up around the mines. The decline of the
coal industry in the latter half of the century led to
significant economic challenges for the country, but
Wales has managed to adapt and diversify its economy in
recent years.
• Overall, the history of Wales is a complex and fascinating
one, shaped by a wide range of factors. Despite the
challenges it has faced over the centuries, Wales has
managed to maintain a strong sense of identity and
culture, and remains an important part of the United
Kingdom to this day.
 GEOGRAPHY OF WALES
• Wales is a country located in the southwestern part of
the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the
east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol
Channel to the south. The country has a total land area of
around 20,735 square kilometers, making it the third
smallest country in the UK.
• The geography of Wales is characterized by a diverse
range of landscapes, including mountains, valleys,
forests, and coastlines. The country is home to a number
of mountain ranges, including the Snowdonia range in
the north, which is home to the highest peak in Wales,
Snowdon, at 1,085 meters. The Brecon Beacons range in
the south is also an important feature of the Welsh
landscape, and is popular with hikers and outdoor
enthusiasts.
• The valleys of Wales are another important geological
feature of the country. The most famous of these is the
Rhondda Valley, which was once home to a thriving coal
mining industry. Other important valleys in Wales include
the Vale of Glamorgan, the Llanelli Valley, and the Conwy
Valley.
• Wales is also home to a number of important rivers,
including the River Dee, the River Severn, and the River
Wye. These rivers have played an important role in the
history and culture of Wales, and are important for
tourism and outdoor activities such as fishing and
kayaking.
• Finally, the coastline of Wales is another important
feature of the country's geography. The country has a
long and varied coastline, with sandy beaches, rocky
cliffs, and sheltered coves. Some of the most popular
coastal destinations in Wales include the Gower
Peninsula, Pembrokeshire, and the Isle of Anglesey.
• Overall, the geography of Wales is characterized by a
diverse range of landscapes, from mountains and valleys
to coastlines and rivers. The country's unique geography
has played an important role in shaping its history and
culture, and continues to be an important part of its
identity to this day.
 CLIMATE AND WEATHER OF
GREAT BRITAIN
• The climate of Great Britain is generally mild and temperate,
with relatively small temperature variations throughout the
year. The country is also known for its frequent rainfall, which
is a result of the country's location in the path of Atlantic
storms. The wettest regions of Great Britain are located in
the west, where the prevailing winds bring in moist air from
the Atlantic Ocean. The driest regions of the country are
located in the east, where the influence of continental air
masses can be felt.
• The weather in Great Britain is highly variable and can
change rapidly, even within a single day. The country is
known for its changeable weather, with sunny spells often
giving way to rain and cloud cover. This variability is a result
of the country's location in the path of Atlantic weather
systems, which can bring in warm, moist air from the south
or cold, dry air from the north.
• The summer months in Great Britain are generally warm and
sunny, with temperatures ranging from 18 to 25 degrees
Celsius. The winter months are cooler, with temperatures
ranging from 1 to 8 degrees Celsius. Snowfall is common in
the winter months, particularly in the higher elevations of
the country.
• Overall, the climate and weather of Great Britain are
characterized by mild temperatures, frequent rainfall, and
changeable weather patterns. The country's location in the
path of Atlantic weather systems and ocean currents plays
an important role in shaping its climate and weather
patterns, and contributes to the country's unique identity
and culture.