Light-Independent

Reaction
 Light-Independent
Reaction
• Light-independent reaction is a series of biochemical reactions in
photosynthesis not requiring light to proceed, and ultimately produce
organic molecules from carbon dioxide.

• Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast, where they utilize the products
of the light reaction.
• Also known as “Calvin Cycle” or “Dark Reaction”
Melvin Ellis
Calvin
• Calvin realized the way in which plants
turn carbon dioxide into sugar wasn't a
straightforward one. Instead, it worked in a
circular pattern. For discovering how plants
turn carbon dioxide into sugar, Calvin was
awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in
1961.
👉😔👈uwu
 Phase 1 – Carbon Fixation

Carbon Fixation is a biological process

wherein carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere is converted into an organic
compound

01

Phase 3 - Phase 2 - Reduction

Regeneration
In this stage, some of the This step is known as reduction
G3P molecules are used to
produce glucose, while
03 02 since electrons are transferred
to 3-PGA molecules from
others are recycled to earlier to form glyceraldehyde-
regenerate the RuBP 3 phosphate.
acceptor.
 Phase 1 – Carbon Fixation

Carbon Fixation is a
biological process wherein
carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere is converted into
an organic compound

01
kunwari gets ko
 Phase 1 – Carbon Fixation

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🤷‍ ️🤷️‍♂
‍️🤷️️‍

01
 Phase 2 - Reduction

3 02
This step is known as
reduction since electrons are
transferred to 3-PGA
molecules from earlier to
form glyceraldehyde-3
phosphate.
 • Each molecule of 3-PGA receives a phosphate
group from ATP, turning into 3-BPGA (and
leaving behind ADP as a by-product).

• Second, the 3-BPGA molecules are reduced (gain

electrons). Each molecule receives two electrons
from NADPH and loses one of its phosphate
groups, turning into G3P.

ang di makagets magsabing ‘tres’

 Phase 2 - Reduction

3 02
sorry guys tbh pati ako
naguguluhan na din 😞
😞😞
 Phase 3 -
Regeneration

03
In this stage, some of the G3P
molecules are used to produce
glucose, while others are
recycled to regenerate the
RuBP acceptor.
At this point, only one of the G3P molecules
leaves the light-independent reactions and is sent
to the cytoplasm to contribute to the formation of
other compounds needed by the plant.

Three rounds of the cycle results in six G3P. One

of these six is exported, while the other five G3P
molecules continue to be used to regenerate RuBP,
allowing the system to be ready to fix more CO2. G3P
These regeneration processes require three more
ATP molecules.
 Summary of Calvin cycle
reactants and products
Three turns of the Calvin cycle are needed to make one G3P molecule that can exit the
cycle and go towards making glucose.
• Carbon. 3 CO2 combine with 3 RuBP acceptors, making 6
molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

• 1 G3P molecule exits the cycle and goes towards making glucose.

• 5 G3P molecules are recycled, regenerating 3 RuBP acceptor

molecules.
 Summary of Calvin cycle
reactants and products
• ATP. 9 ATP are converted to 9 ADP (6 during the fixation step, 3 during
the regeneration step).
• NADPH. 6 NADPH are converted to 6 NADP+ (during the reduction
step).
A G3P molecule contains three fixed carbon atoms, so it takes two G3Ps to build a six-
carbon glucose molecule. It would take six turns of the cycle, or 6 2CO2ATP,
and 12 NADPH, to produce one molecule of glucose.
 thank you khan academy
The edn 😁😁😁