2023 MTAP-DepEd Program for Excellence

in Grade 10 Mathematics

Session 3
Polynomial Functions and Polynomial Equations
Checking of Attendance

Please comment
Surname_First Name_Division
Example:
Dela Cruz_Juan_Valenzuela
 The function given by
, where is non – negative integers and are real
numbers with , is called a polynomial function of
degree .
 
 For the polynomial function,
, with , is the leading term, is the leading numerical
coefficient and is the constant.
 
 is NOT a polynomial function because the term
used the variable as a radicand.
 is a polynomial function of degree 9, having 4 as
the numerical coefficient and 3 as the constant.
 is NOT a polynomial function because the term
has a variable raised to a negative exponent.
 
 is NOT a polynomial function, because the term
has a denominator  
TYPES OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
Constant Function Linear Function
Quadratic Function Cubic function
Polynomial Function
of degree 4
EVALUATION OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
 Evaluation of polynomials follows exactly the
same rules as for any other algebraic expressions.
 For any algebraic expressions containing
variables, the value of the expression for the
indicated values of the variables is solved by
simply substituting the indicated values of the
variables into the given algebraic expressions.
 Find the numerical value of when .
 
Solutions:
 
, replace by

 
Therefore, value of the given polynomial at is 10.
OPERATIONS ON POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
 Polynomial Functions behave exactly as one
would expect with regard to the four basic
operations of algebra
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division).
All we need to do is just to perform the indicated
operations.
 To easily understand the procedures on how to perform the
indicated operations on functions let us consider two functions
and , then

The sum of and , denoted by ,

is the function defined by

The difference between and , denoted by ,

is the function defined by

 The product of and , denoted by ,

is the function defined by

The quotient of and , denoted by ,

is the function defined by ,

similarly, it can be represented by .

 THE REMAINDER THEOREM

If is a number and the polynomial function is

divided by , the remainder is
 Find the remainder when is divided by
 
Solutions: To get the remainder, evaluate at

, replace by
 Find if has a remainder of when divided by .
Solutions:
Given: and

, replace by
, replace by
, simplify

 
 FACTOR THEOREM
The remainder R when we divide is divided by can provide
us the following informations:
The remainder R gives the value of at . That is, \

If , then is a factor of .
If , then is an x – intercept of the graph of .
 
 The remainder theorem states will give a remainder
of . If the value of this remainder is 0, then is a factor
of .
 
 Find so that will be a factor of .
 
Solutions:
 
, replace by
, replace by
, simplify

 
 
ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
 The factor theorem tells us that is a factor of when
has a remainder of 0 when divided by . If is a factor of a
polynomial function, it will follow that is one of the
roots of the given Similarly, we can also say that c is one
of the zeros of
 
 
 If is a polynomial function of degree , where with
real coefficients, then it has exactly zeros which may be
real or imaginary numbers.
 
 
Exercise I
Letter B
1. Evaluate the following polynomial functions at the given value
of the variables. Compare the results of P(1) and P(-1).

𝑃 ( 1 ) =2
𝑃 ( − 1 )=− 2
𝑃 ( 1 ) =− 𝑃 (− 1)

is an odd function.
1. Evaluate the following polynomial functions at the given value
of the variables. Compare the results of Q(2) and Q(-2).

Q
Q

is an even function.
1. Evaluate the following polynomial functions at the given value
of the variables. Compare the results of T(1) and T(-1).

𝑇 ( 1 ) =1
𝑇 ( − 1 ) =3
𝑇 ( 1 ) ≠ 𝑇 (−1)

is Neither an even function nor an odd function.

1. Evaluate the following polynomial functions at the given value
of the variables. Compare the results of R(3) and R(-3).

𝑅 ( 3 ) =29
𝑅 ( −3 )=317
𝑅(3) ≠ 𝑅(− 3)
is neither an even function nor an odd function.
.
Exercise I
Letter C
Perform the indicated operations:

3 2
2 𝑃 ( 𝑥 )+𝑄 ( 𝑥 )=5 𝑥 −4 𝑥 −7 𝑥+7
Perform the indicated operations:

5 2
𝑆 ( 𝑥 ) =2 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 5
Perform the indicated operations:

Q
Perform the indicated operations:

4 3 2
𝑃 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑄 ( 𝑥 ) =5 𝑥 + 7 𝑥 −10 𝑥 −22 𝑥
Perform the indicated operations:

3 2
𝑇 ( 𝑥 )+𝑇 ( 𝑥 )= 2 𝑥 − 6 𝑥 − 2 𝑥+ 6
Exercise I
Letter D
Divide each of the given polynomial function P(x) by D(x).

4 3 2
𝑄 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 +𝑥 − 2 𝑥 +5

Write in the form

4 3 2
𝑃 ( 𝑥 )=( 𝑥 +𝑥 − 2 𝑥 +5)( 𝑥 − 1)
Divide each of the given polynomial function P(x) by D(x).

3 2
𝑄 ( 𝑥 ) =2 𝑥 −3 𝑥 + 2

Write in the form

3 2
𝑃 ( 𝑥 )=(2 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 +2)( 𝑥 − 2)
Divide each of the given polynomial function P(x) by D(x).

3 5
2
𝑄 ( 𝑥 ) =3 𝑥 +3 𝑥 − 𝑥 −
𝑥 −1
Write in the form
3 2
𝑃 ( 𝑥 )=(3 𝑥 +3 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥 − 1 ) − 5
Divide each of the given polynomial function P(x) by D(x).

3 2
𝑄 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 +2 𝑥 − 1

Write in the form

3 2 2
𝑃 ( 𝑥 )=( 𝑥 −3 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 1)( 𝑥 − 2 𝑥+ 1)
Divide each of the given polynomial function P(x) by D(x).

3 2
𝑄 ( 𝑥)= 𝑥 −2 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 4

Write in the form

3 2 2
𝑃 ( 𝑥 )=( 𝑥 −2 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 4 )( 𝑥 +5 𝑥 +3)
Divide each of the given polynomial function P(x) by D(x).

3 2
𝑄 ( 𝑥 ) =3 𝑥 +2 𝑥 − 𝑥 +5

Write in the form

3 2 2
𝑃 ( 𝑥 )=(3 𝑥 +2 𝑥 − 𝑥 +5)(2 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2)
Exercise I
Letter E
Find the remainder when the given polynomial function P(x) is
divided by the second polynomial.

4 1 3 2 2
4 1 3 2 2 3

Remainder

∴ 𝑃 ( 1 )= 3
Find the remainder when the given polynomial function P(x) is
divided by the second polynomial.

3 2
𝑃 ( − 2 )= 2 ( − 2 ) + ( −2 ) −5 ( − 2 )+1
𝑃 ( − 2 ) = 2 ( − 8 ) + 4+10+1
𝑃 ( − 2 ) =− 16 + 15
𝑃 ( − 2 ) =− 1
Find the remainder when the given polynomial function P(x) is
divided by the second polynomial.

𝑃 ( − 1 ) =− 10
Find the remainder when the given polynomial function P(x) is
divided by the second polynomial.

𝑃 ( 2 ) =36
Exercise I
Letter F
Use the Factor Theorem to determine if the given (x – r) is a
factor of P(x).

3 2
𝑃 ( − 1 )=( − 1 ) − 3 ( − 1 ) − ( − 1 ) +3
𝑃 ( − 1 ) =− 1 − 3 ( 1 ) +1 +3
𝑃 ( − 1 ) =3 − 3
𝑃 ( − 1 )= 0
is a factor of the given polynomial.
Use the Factor Theorem to determine if the given (x – r) is a
factor of P(x).

𝑃 ( 2 ) =0
is a factor of the given polynomial.
Use the Factor Theorem to determine if the given (x – r) is a
factor of P(x).

𝑃 ( − 3 ) =227
is NOT a factor of the given polynomial.
Use the Factor Theorem to determine if the given (x – r) is a
factor of P(x).

𝑃 ( 1 ) =2
is NOT a factor of the given polynomial.
 Exercise II
Problem Solving
Find a polynomial equation with integral coefficients and of
lowest degree with the following as roots:

( 𝑥 +1 ) ( 𝑥 − 1 ) ( 𝑥 − 2 ) =0
3 2
𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 +2= 0

1a
Find a polynomial equation with integral coefficients and of
lowest degree with the following as roots:

( 𝑥+2 ) ( 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥 − 1 ) ( 𝑥 − 1)=0
4 2
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 +2 𝑥 =0

1b
Find a polynomial equation with integral coefficients and of
lowest degree with the following as roots:

( 2 𝑥 − 1 ) ( 𝑥 − 1 ) ( 3 𝑥 − 2 ) =0
3 2
6 𝑥 − 13 𝑥 +9 𝑥 − 2 =0

1c
Find a polynomial equation with integral coefficients and of
lowest degree with the following as roots:

( 𝑥+2 ) ( 𝑥 − √ 2 ) ( 𝑥+ √ 2 ) ( 𝑥 − 1)=0
4 3 2
𝑥 +𝑥 − 4 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 4 =0

1d
Find a polynomial equation with integral coefficients and of
lowest degree with the following as roots:

𝑟 1=− 2+𝑖 √ 3 ; 𝑟 2 =−2 −𝑖 √ 3

2
𝑟 1 +𝑟 2= −4; 𝑟 1 𝑟 2=( − 2 ) − ( 𝑖 √ 3 )
2
2
; 𝑟 1 𝑟 2= 4 − 3 𝑖
; 𝑟 1 𝑟 2= 4 − 3(− 1)
2
; 𝑟 1 𝑟 2 =7 𝑥 − ( 𝑟 1 +𝑟 2 ) 𝑥+𝑟 1 𝑟 2 =0
2
𝑥 + 4 𝑥 +7 =0
1e
Equating similar terms:
A + B = 8, A = 5,
B=3
C – 3B = − 5,
C=4
5A – 3C = 13. Where
 3 2 2
8 𝑥 − 20 𝑥 −16 𝑥+ 48=4 ( 𝑥 −2 ) ( 2 𝑥 +3 )

When is multiplied to the given polynomial, the result

will be a perfect square.

multiplying it by will make it a perfect square trinomial.

 3 2
𝑃 ( 5 )=𝑘 ( 5 ) − 17 ( 5 ) − 4 ( 𝑘) ( 5 ) +5
Since is a factor of , then
3 2
0=𝑘 (5 ) − 17 ( 5 ) − 4 ( 𝑘 ) ( 5 ) +5
0=125 𝑘 − 425 − 20 𝑘+5
0 =105 𝑘 − 420
− 105 𝑘=− 420
𝑘= 4
Using the Division Algorithm, we have
+𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 +1=𝑄 ( 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + a 𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 +𝑐
135 125 115 5 3 2
𝑥
for some polynomial and real numbers and .
Using , we can have

{
𝑐 =1 𝑐=1
𝑎 − 𝑏+1=−1 𝑎=0
𝑎 +𝑏+𝑐=3 𝑏=2
The remainder is 2x + 1
 There is only one variation in sign of P(x), thus, P(x) crosses the
x-axis once.

Since P(0) = − 5, and P(1) = 2, is positive,

 
it means that there is exactly one positive root between 0 and 1.
 5 4 3 2 3
𝑥 +2 𝑥 − 9 𝑥 −22 𝑥 + 4 𝑥+ 24=( 𝑥+2 ) ( 𝑥 −1 ) ( 𝑥 − 3)

The other zeroes are and .

a
b
c
Domain
2 x+7 ≥ 0And The domain is the
2 x ≥ −7 intersection of two
7 inequalities
x≥−
2
domain:
}
range:
}
Exercise III

CHALLENGE
 ( 𝑥 − 1 ) ( 𝑥+2 ) ( 𝑥 − 2 )= 𝑃 ( 𝑥)
3

5 4 3 2
𝑥 + 𝑥 −2 𝑥 −2 𝑥 −2 𝑥+ 4=𝑃 ( 𝑥)
When John arrives at B, Kevin has travelled of the journey.
The remaining of the journey is 480m
Let the dimensions of the box be x inches, 2x inches, and (x + 2) inches,
being the width, length, and height, respectively.

𝑉 =𝑥 (2 𝑥)( 𝑥 +2) 𝑥 − 5 =0
𝑉 =2 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 3 2
𝑥 =5
3 2
350=2 𝑥 + 4 𝑥
3 2 The dimensions are 10 in by
0=2 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 − 350 7 in by 5 in
0=2( 𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 2 +7 𝑥+35)
The number of variations in sign of the non-zero coefficients of a
polynomial is the number of times its graph crosses the positive x-axis.

Since there are no variations in sign of the nonzero coefficients of the given
polynomial P(x), then it has no positive real zero.

Getting P(-x) and simplifying gives

Thus, the graph of P(x) does not cross the negative side of the x-axis.
Hence, the graph has no real zeros.
 𝑃 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥 3 +9 𝑥2 +24 𝑥 +18
2
𝑃 ( 𝑥 )=( 𝑥+3)( 𝑥 +6 𝑥 +6)
𝑟 =−3 ; 𝑠+𝑡 =−6 ; 𝑠𝑡 =6
2 2 2
𝑎. 𝑟 + 𝑠 +𝑡
𝑠 +𝑡 =−6 2 2 2
2 2 𝑟 +𝑠 +𝑡 =9+24
𝑠 +2 𝑠𝑡 +𝑡 = 36 𝑟 2 +𝑠 2 +𝑡 2 =33
2 2
𝑠 +2(6)+𝑡 =36
2 2
𝑠 +𝑡 = 24
 3 2
𝑃 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥 +9 𝑥 +24 𝑥 +18 2
𝑃 ( 𝑥 )=( 𝑥+3)( 𝑥 +6 𝑥 +6)
𝑟 =−3 ; 𝑠+𝑡 =−6 ; 𝑠𝑡=6
b
𝑠 +𝑡 =−6
3 2 2 3
𝑠 +3 𝑠 𝑡 +3 𝑠 𝑡 +𝑡 =− 216
3 3
𝑠 +3 𝑠𝑡 ( 𝑠+𝑡 )+𝑡 =− 216
3 3 3
3 3 𝑟 +216
𝑠 +3 ( 6 )(− 6 )+𝑡 =− 𝑠 +𝑡 =− 27 −108
3 3 3 3 3
𝑠 − 108 +𝑡 =− 216
𝑟 +𝑠 +𝑡 =− 135
3 3
𝑠 + 𝑡 =− 108
 When t = 0, the particle is not yet moving. So, the particle is
1 unit left of the reference point.

a
 units, which means the particle is 39 units away from the
starting point.

b
a
b
 First get the values of P(1) and P(2) by substituting 1, as
well as 2 in P(x).

Now, Since P(1) = −2, and P(2) = 39, then surely the graph
of P(x) crosses the x-axis between 1 and 2.
 Using synthetic division, and with 2 as the divisor, all the
entries in the 3rd row have positive signs.
Thus, 2 is the least upper bound for the real zeros of
P(x), since with 1 as the divisor, not all entries in the third row
are with positive signs.
 
− 3 is the lower bound for the real zeros of P(x) since the
entries in the third row of synthetic division alternate in signs.

a
 With the same procedure as 10a, 5 is the upper
bound and – 3 is the lower bound for the real zeros of P(x).
 

b
 P(x) behaves like a parabola that
opens upward,
since it is an even-powered function
with a (+) leading coefficient.

The zeros are −1, 1 and 2 with

multiplicity 2.
The y-intercept is −4.
a
 P(x) behaves like a line that is
positively sloped,
since it is an odd-powered function.

The zeros are -2 and 1 with multiplicity 2.

The y-intercept is 2.

b
 P(x) behaves like a line that is
positively sloped,
since it is an odd powered
function.
The zeros are -2 with multiplicity of 2,
-1, 1 and 3.
The y-intercept is 12.

c
 4 3
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 +4 𝑥≤ 0
2
𝑥 ( 𝑥 +1 )( 𝑥 − 2 ) ≤ 0 Solutions:
-1 0 2 or 2
x +¿
− − +¿
X+1 − +¿
+¿ +¿
+¿ +¿ +¿
( 𝑥 −2)2
+¿
+¿ − +¿
𝑥( 𝑥+1)( 𝑥 −2)2 +¿
a no yes no no
 Solutions:
or