第5讲 床面形态

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上章回顾

泥沙颗粒的产生

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上章回顾

泥沙颗粒的个体特性:粒径、形状、密度

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上章回顾

泥沙颗粒的群体特性:级配、干密度、水下休
止角

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上章回顾

泥沙颗粒的运动特性:沉降速度

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上章回顾

泥沙颗粒的运动特性:沉降速度

层流:

过渡:

紊流:

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第五章 床面形态
Chapter 5 Bedform
主要内容

1.定床水力学与动床水力学的区别:床面形态

2.床面形态的分类

3.床面形态与泥沙特性的关系

4.床面形态与水流条件的关系

5.判断床面形态的方法
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定床水力学

定床水力学:边界形状和糙率不随水流条件而改变。

2008 年 , 南水北调总干渠局部试

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动床水力学

动床水力学 : 边界的形状和糙率随水流条件而改变。

河流动力学与“定床水力学”
的主要区别是,在进行水力计
算、确定流速、水深、比降等
水力要素时,必须计入边界可
动性所造成的影响-其中床面
形态的变化是主要因素。

“ 水到渠成”的含
义?
古语中,“渠”指河流,
“水到渠成”就是说如果水
流达到足够大的流量、持续足
够长的时间,平原上一条大渠
就会形成。

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动床水力学

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动床水力学

从水体运动的角度看来,床面形态的变化相当于在自由
水面之外又增加了一个自由面,自由程度视床面的可动
性而定。所以又将动床条件下的水流运动研究称为“松
散边界水力学”、“动床水力学” (Loose boundary
hydraulics) 。
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主要内容

1.定床水力学与动床水力学的区别:床面形态

2.床面形态的分类

3.床面形态与泥沙特性的关系

4.床面形态与水流条件的关系

5.判断床面形态的方法
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床面形态

床面形态 (Bedform) :
即沙质床面在水流作用下形成的形态,如沙纹、沙垄等。

床面分类 :

垂直于水流方向的沙波;

平行于水流方向的沙洲;

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床面形态的分类:垂直水流

1. Ripples 5. Plane bed


2. Dunes with ripples superposed 6. Antidunes, standing waves
3. Dunes 7. Antidunes, breaking waves
4. Washed out dunes 8. Chutes and pools
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Ripples

Ripples are characteristic of


a) very low transport rates in rivers
with sediment size D less than
about 0.6 mm.
b) Typical wavelengths  are on the
order of 10’s of cm and wave
heights  are on the order of cm.
c) Ripples migrate downstream and
are asymmetric with a gentle stoss View of the Rum River, Minnesota USA
(upstream) side and a steep lee
(downstream side).
d) Ripples do not interact with the
water surface.

migration
flow
Ripples in the Rum River, Minnesota
USA at very low flow;  ~ 10
15
- 20 cm.
Dunes

Dunes are the most common bedforms in sand-


bed rivers;
a) Wavelength  can range up to 100’s of m, and
wave height  can range up to 5 m or more
in large rivers.
b) Dunes are usually asymmetric, with a gentle
stoss (upstream) side and a steep lee
(downstream) side.
c) Dunes migrate downstream. They interact
weakly with the water surface, such that the
flow accelerates over the crests, where
water surface elevation is slightly reduced.

Dunes in the North Loup River, Nebraska


USA. Two people are circled for scale.
Image courtesy
migration D. Mohrig.
flow

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Antidunes

Antidunes occur in rivers with sufficiently


high (but not necessarily supercritical)
Froude numbers.
a) The most common type of antidune
migrates upstream, and shows little
asymmetry.
c) The water surface is strongly in phase
with the bed.
D )A train of symmetrical surface waves is
usually indicative of the presence of
antidunes.

Trains of surface waves indicating the


presence of antidunes in braided
migration channels of the tailings basin of the
flow
Hibbing Taconite Mine, Minnesota,
USA. Flow is from top to bottom.

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CHUTE AND POOL TRAINS

Trains of cyclic steps occur in very steep


flows with supercritical Froude numbers.
a) They are long-wave relatives of
antidunes.
b) The steps are delineated by hydraulic
jumps (immediately downstream of
which the flow is locally subcritical).
c) The steps migrate upstream. These
features are also called cyclic steps
chute-and-pool topography.

Train of cyclic steps in a small


laboratory channel at St. Anthony Falls
hydraulic jump Laboratory. The water has been dyed to
flow aid visualization; two hydraulic jumps can
be seen in the figure.

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CHUTE AND POOL TRAINS

TOUR OF BEDFORMS IN RIVERS: CYCLIC STEPS (contd.)


Cyclic steps form in the field when slopes are steep, the flow is supercritical and there is a
plethora( 过多的 ) of sediment.

jumps

flow

Trains of cyclic steps in a coastal outflow channel on a beach in Calais,


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France. Image courtesy H. Capart.
床面形态的分类:平行水流

Alternate bars occur in rivers with sufficiently large (> ~ 12), but not too large width-depth ratio
B/H.
a) Alternate bars migrate downstream, and often have relatively sharp fronts.
b) They are often precursors (前置条件) to meandering.
c) Alternate bars may coexist with dunes and/or antidunes.

Alternate bars in the Naka River, an artificially


straightened river in Japan. Image courtesy S. Ikeda. 20
Alternate bars

Alternate bars in a flume in Tsukuba Alternate bars in the Rhine River


University, Japan: flow turned low. between Switzerland and Lichtenstein.
Image courtesy H. Ikeda. Image courtesy M. Jaeggi.

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MULTIPLE-ROW (LINGUOID) BARS
Multiple-row bars (linguoid bars) occur when the width-depth ratio B/H is even larger
than that for alternate bars. These bars migrate downstream. They may co-exist with
dunes or antidunes.
Linguoid bars in a flume in Tsukuba
University, Japan: flow turned off. Linguoid bars in the Fuefuki River,
Image courtesy H. Ikeda. Japan. Image courtesy S. Ikeda.

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BRAIDED PLANFORM

WHEN THE FLOW IS INSUFFICIENT TO COVER THE BED, THE RIVER MAY DISPLAY A
BRAIDED PLANFORM
Braiding in a flume in Tsukuba Braiding in the Ohau River, New
University, Japan: flow turned low. Zealand. Image courtesy P. Mosley.
Image courtesy H. Ikeda.

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主要内容

1.定床水力学与动床水力学的区别:床面形态

2.床面形态的分类

3.床面形态与泥沙特性的关系

4.床面形态与水流条件的关系

5.判断床面形态的方法
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床面形态与泥沙特性的关系

只有当河床上的床沙质是属于粗沙至粉沙范围 ( 床沙粒径范围为
2.0mm~0.005mm) 时,才会出现床面形态。

卵砾石河床上、或粘土淤积物上一般不会出现床面形态。

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卵砾石河床形貌

1. 无河床地貌
都江堰河段
2. 阶梯 - 深潭结构

虎跳峡
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粘土淤积物床面形态

黄河河口滩涂

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主要内容

1.定床水力学与动床水力学的区别:床面形态

2.床面形态的分类

3.床面形态与泥沙特性的关系

4.床面形态与水流条件的关系

5.判断床面形态的方法
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床面形态与水流条件的关系

弗洛德数( Froude number, Fr ) :

𝐹𝑟 =
𝑈
√ 𝑔h √ 𝑈2
= 2 /h
2𝑔 Fr 数反映了惯性作用和重力作用的比
值。

Fr<1 , 流动为缓流 (Subcritical flow)

Fr=1 , 流动为临界流 (Critical flow)

Fr>1 , 流动为急流 (Supercritical flow)

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缓流床面形态 : Fr<1

缓流对应的床面形态是:沙纹、沙垄 ( 颗粒较粗时主要是沙
垄)。

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Ripple 的形成

细颗粒情况下, Ripple 由猝发、扫掠现象引起的局部泥沙紊动引


起。
𝑧 +¿ =11.6 ¿
𝑧 ∗𝑢∗
+¿= ¿
𝜐
𝑧
定义为粘滞底层厚度

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Ripple 的形成

细颗粒情况下, Ripple 由猝发、扫掠现象引起的局部泥沙紊动引


起。

a) very low transport rates


in rivers with sediment
size D less than about
0.6 mm.
b) Typical wavelengths 
are on the order of 10’s
of cm and wave heights
 are on the order of
cm.

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缓流床面形态 : Fr<1

Ripple 的形成与床面的紊流结构密切相关。

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Ripple 的形成

Ripple 的形成与床面的紊流结构密切相关。

LES

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Ripple 的形成

Select a 4Hx2H area and


show the bed elevation
development from 0s to
18.4s with time interval
0.2s.

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Ripple 的形成

Time=18s
Time=1.4s
Time=0.2s
Time=5s
Formation of sediment dunes:

Bed defects

Sediment
accumulation

Wake zones

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Dune 的形成

粗颗粒情况下,为什么无法形成 Ripple?

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Dune 的形成

粗颗粒情况下,泥沙一旦起动,则会受到更强的垂向紊动。

此时,水流的流速将搬运泥沙颗粒到更远的距离。

泥沙颗粒受大尺度流动的搬运和沉降是 Dune 形成的主要原因。

a) Ripple: Typical wavelengths  are on the


order of 10’s of cm and wave heights  are
on the order of cm.

a) Dune: Wavelength  can range up to 100’s of


m, and wave height  can range up to 5 m
or more in large rivers.

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Ripple 发展为 Dune

在细颗粒情况下, Dunes 可以由 ripples 逐渐发展而来。

沙波叠加是由于小波合并

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Ripple 发展为 Dune

2D ripples to 3D dunes:

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Ripple 发展为 Dune

Sand pass between dunes:

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急流区床面形态 : Fr>1

急流情况下对应的床面形态包括 :
a) 平整床面 (plane bed )
b) 逆行沙垄和驻波 (standing waves)
c) 急滩与深潭 (Chutes and pools) 。

逆行沙垄为什么会逆行:背水面受冲刷,泥沙
淤积在下一个沙垄的迎水面上。

这一过程持续进行,就造成了沙垄形态向上游
的逆行,而泥沙仍是向下游输运的。

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逆行沙垄为什么会逆行

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逆行沙垄为什么会逆行

Fr=0.3

Fr=0.6

Fr=1.2

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床面形态与水流条件的关系

临界流
缓流

急流

临界流

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床面形态与水流条件的关系

46
主要内容

1.定床水力学与动床水力学的区别:床面形态

2.床面形态的分类

3.床面形态与泥沙特性的关系

4.床面形态与水流条件的关系

5.判断床面形态的方法
47
判断床面形态的方法

2003 年 10 月 11 日 , 黄河济

泺口站流量达到 2820 秒立
米,
相应水位 30.98 米,形成驻
波景观。

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判断床面形态的方法

三个重要的物理参数:

1. 弗洛德数, Froude number, Fr=

2. 颗粒雷诺数, Roughness Reynolds number, Re*

: 床沙的高度与粘性底层的厚度关系

3. 谢尔兹数, Shields number,

: 床面切应力与床面颗粒抵抗运动的力(重力)

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为什么引入 Shields number

Shields 在 1936 年以 Shields 数和 Re 两者为坐标轴,点绘了他观


*

察到的起动条件和床面形态。这两个参数遂被广泛接受。

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判断床面形态的方法

Chabert 和 Chauvin(1963) 基于 Shields 结果的平整 - 沙纹 - 沙垄分



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判断床面形态的方法

进入高水流能态区后,
水流的 Froude 数对床面形
态的判别越来越重要。

由图中可以发现:
用 Froude 数 Fr 来做界
限很不稳定。当较小
时,很小的 Fr 数
(0.1~0.3) 就意味着进入
过渡区,而对于较大的
数, Fr 接近 1 时才进入
过渡区。

52
判断床面形态的方法

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判断床面形态的方法

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判断床面形态的方法

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判断床面形态的方法

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本章小结

1.定床水力学与动床水力学的区别:床面形态

2.床面形态的分类

3.床面形态与泥沙特性的关系

4.床面形态与水流条件的关系

5.判断床面形态的方法
57
沙波的几何及运动特性

波长;波高;波速 c

沙纹阶段

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沙波的几何及运动特性

波长;波高;波速 c

沙垄阶段

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沙波的几何及运动特性

波长;波高;波速 c

60

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