VACCINATION

Dr.Anam Zamin
M.Phil ( Pharmaceutics)
Lecturer
IIUI
Immunit
y
Specific defenses
Immunity

Active immunity Passive immunity

Following clinical Naturall Transfer of maternal

infection y Antibodies Through
placenta
acquired
Transfer of maternal
Antibodies Through
Artificiall milk

Following y Following administration

vaccination of Immunoglobulin or
Acquired antiserum
⚫ Active immunity
⚫ Resistance developed in response to stimulus by an antigen
(infecting agent or vaccine) and is characterized by the
production of antibodies by the host.
⚫ Passive immunity
⚫ Immunity conferred by an antibody produced in another host.
It may be acquired naturally or artificially (through an
antibody- containing preparation).
 Vaccinatio
n
⚫ Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to stimulate the
immune response through active immunization.

⚫ A vaccine is an immuno-biological substance designed to

produce specific protection against a given disease.

⚫ A vaccine is “antigenic” but not “pathogenic”.

 What is
Vaccine
 Attenuated or killed microorganisms or proteins derived from them,
administered for the prevention, treatment, or amelioration of infectious
diseases
 A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular
disease.
 A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing

microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe.
 The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign,

destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily
recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
 Vaccination
⚫ Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine)
to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop immunity .
⚫ Artificially acquired adaptive immunity
develops only through deliberate actions such as
vaccination.
⚫ The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely
studied and verified.
⚫ Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious
diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely
responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the
restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much
of the world.
 Aims of Immunisation
⚫Programmes
To protect those at highest risk
(selective immunisation strategy)
or
⚫ To eradicate, eliminate or control
disease (mass immunisation strategy)

Currently, it is estimated that vaccination

saves the lives of 3 million children a year

• Eradication
 Infection (pathogen) has been
removed worldwide e.g.
smallpox

⚫ Elimination
 Disease has disappeared from one
area but remains elsewhere e.g.
polio, measles

⚫ Control
 Vaccines
⚫ A Vaccine is a Preparation of living or inactivated microorganism or
viruses or their components used to induce active specific
immunity.
Derivation
⚫ The term vaccine derived from Edward Jenner's 1876.
⚫ The word vaccine comes from the cowpox virus vaccinia which
derives from the Latin word vacca for cow. The inoculation
with cowpox vaccine was done to prevent humans from
contracting smallpox. Smallpox was a devasting disease
⚫ In 1885 the French Microbiologist Louis Pasteur and Emile
Roux developed the vaccination against Rabbies.
The Ideal Vaccine
⚫ Immunogenic

⚫ Long lasting immunity

⚫ Safe

⚫ Stable in field conditions

⚫ Combined

⚫ Single dose

⚫ Affordable (and accessible) to

all
Type
sInactivated vaccine
⚫
⚫ Live or Attenuated
vaccine
⚫ Virus-like particle
vaccines
⚫ subunit vaccine
⚫ Toxoid vaccines
⚫ DNA vaccines
 Live or Attenuated
⚫ In anVaccine
attenuated vaccine, live virus or bacteria with very
low virulence are administered.
⚫ They will replicate, but locally or very slowly. Since they do
reproduce and continue to present antigen to the immune
system beyond the initial vaccination, boosters may be required
less often.
⚫ These vaccines may be produced by passaging, for example,
adapting a virus into different host cell cultures, such as in
animals, or at suboptimal temperatures, allowing selection of less
virulent strains, or by mutagenesis or targeted deletions in genes
required for virulence.
⚫ Live, attenuated vaccines are relatively easy to create for
certain viruses.Vaccines against measles, mumps, and
chickenpox, for example, are made by this method
Live
vaccines
⚫ Live vaccines are made from live infectious agents
without any amendment.
⚫ The only live vaccine is “Variola” small pox vaccine, made
of live vaccinia cow-pox virus (not variola virus)
which is not pathogenic but antigenic, giving immunity to
host.
 Inactivated
vaccine
⚫ An inactivated vaccine consists of virus or bacteria that are grown
in culture and then killed using a method such as heat or
formaldehyde.
⚫ Although the virus or bacteria particles are destroyed and cannot
replicate, the virus capsid proteins or bacterial wall are intact
enough to be recognized and remembered by the immune
system and evoke a response.
⚫ When manufactured correctly, the vaccine is not infectious,.
⚫ Since the properly produced vaccine does not
reproduce, booster shots are required periodically to
reinforce the immune response.
 Virus-like
particle
⚫ Virus-like particle vaccines consist of viral protein(s) derived from
the structural proteins of a virus.
⚫ These proteins can self-assemble into particles that resemble the virus
from which they were derived but lack viral nucleic acid, meaning
that they are not infectious.
⚫ Because of their highly repetitive, multivalent structure, virus-
like particles are typically more immunogenic than subunit
vaccines
⚫ The human papillomavirus and Hepatitis B virus vaccines are two
virus- like particle-based vaccines currently in clinical use.
 Subunit
vaccine
⚫ A subunit vaccine presents an antigen to the immune system
without introducing viral particles, whole or otherwise.
⚫ One method of production involves isolation of a specific protein
from a virus or bacterium (such as a bacterial toxin) and
administering this by itself.
⚫ A weakness of this technique is that isolated proteins may have a
different three-dimensional structure than the protein in its
normal context, and will induce antibodies that may not
recognize the infectious organism.
⚫ In addition, subunit vaccines often elicit weaker antibody
responses than the other classes of vaccines.
 TOXOID
⚫VACCINES
For bacteria that secrete toxins, or harmful chemicals, a
toxoid vaccine might be the answer.
⚫ These vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause
of illness.
⚫ Scientists have found that they can inactivate toxins by treating
them with formalin, a solution of formaldehyde and sterilized
water.
⚫ Such “detoxified” toxins, called Toxoid, are safe for use in
vaccines.
⚫ When the immune system receives a vaccine containing a
harmless toxoid, it learns how to fight off the natural toxin.
⚫ The immune system produces antibodies in respose.Vaccines
against diphtheria and tetanus are examples of toxoid vaccines.
 DNA
⚫ Stillvaccines
in the experimental stages, these vaccines show great promise,
and several types are being tested in humans.
⚫ DNA vaccines take immunization to a new technological
level.These vaccines dispense the microbe’s genetic material. In
particular, DNA vaccines use the genes that code for those all-
important antigens.
⚫ Researchers have found that when the genes for a microbe’s
antigens are introduced into the body, some cells will take up that
DNA.
⚫ The DNA then instructs those cells to make the antigen
molecules.The cells secrete the antigens and display them on their
surfaces. In other words, the body’s own cells become vaccine-
making factories, creating the antigens necessary to stimulate the
immune system.
 Types of vaccines
Live Live Killed Toxoids Cellular fraction Recombinant
vaccines Attenuated Inactivated vaccines vaccines
vaccines vaccines

• Small pox •BCG •Typhoid •Diphtheria • Meningococcal • Hepatitis B

variola •Typhoid •Cholera •Tetanus polysaccharide vaccine
vaccine oral •Pertussis vaccine
•Plague • Pneumococcal
•Plague
•Oral polio polysaccharide
•Rabies vaccine
•Yellow •Salk polio • Hepatitis B
fever •Intra- polypeptide
•Measl muscular vaccine
es influenza
•Mump •Japanise
s encephalitis
•Rubell
a
•Intrana
sal
 Routes of
administration
⚫Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route
(most vaccines)
⚫Oral route (sabine vaccine, oral BCG
vaccine)
⚫Intradermal route (BCG vaccine)
⚫Intranasal route (live attenuated influenza
vaccine)
 Scheme of
immunization
⚫Primary vaccination
⚫One dose vaccines (BCG, variola, measles,
mumps, rubella, yellow fever)
⚫Multiple dose vaccines (polio, DPT, hepatitis B)
⚫Booster vaccination
To maintain immunity level after it declines
after some time has elapsed (DT, MMR).
 Categorization of Current Vaccines
⚫ Live attenuated: Viruses (oral polio, measles, mumps, rubella,
yellow

fever), Bacteria (BCG, cholera)- Long lasting immunity.

⚫ Killed Vaccines: Viruses (hep. A, Salk polio) Bacteria (pertussis,

cholera)-

intermediate immunity, several doses may be required

⚫ Sub-unit vaccines: Toxoids: (tetanus, hep b, Conjugate polysacaride

vaccines linked with suitable carrier proteins (Hib). Also single or

polyvalent vaccines.
 Current vaccine
practices
• Routine Immunization
 Children 0-23 months – immunization with 8 EPI antigens
 Pregnant ladies byTetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccine is given during your
pregnancy to prevent tetanus to you as well as the baby.
 Extended Program on Immunization
(EPI)
⚫ The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) is a disease prevention
activity aiming at reducing illness, disability and mortality from
childhood diseases preventable by immunization.
⚫ These diseases are referred as 8 EPI target diseases and cause millions
of ailments, disabilities & deaths each year.
⚫ Poliomyelitis
⚫ Neonatal Tetanus
⚫ Measles
⚫ Diphtheria
⚫ Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
⚫ Hepatitis-B
⚫ Hib Pneumonia & Meningitis
⚫ Childhood Tuberculosis
⚫ The diseases are preventable and can be eradicated like Smallpox, as very
safe & effective vaccines are available.
⚫ 27 % of deaths in < 5 years age group are due to vaccine
Preventable Diseases.
⚫ 80% children of world are being protected against childhood TB.
⚫ 3 million children are being protected against eight vaccine
preventable diseases and tetanus.
⚫ 1000 deaths in less than 5 year children will daily occur in Pakistan, if
EPI is discontinued. Immunization is one of the most successful and cost
effective health interventions. It has eradicated small pox, lowered the
global incidence of polio so far by 99% and achieved dramatic reductions
in illness, disability and death from diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough
and measles. It is a world-wide Programme being carried out in all
countries assisted by WHO, UNICEF and other donor agencies.
⚫ The global target of the Programme is to immunize over 95% of infants
and childeren..
Adults vaccination schedule