WIND ENERGY

PRESENTED BY SABIH UL HASSAN REG

NO:14
PRESENTED TO DR. NADEEM ABBAS
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE
 WIND ENERGY
•When wind is used to generate
mechanical power or electricity, then the
energy is called Wind Energy
•Wind Turbines harnesses the kinetic
energy of moving air by using large
propeller like blades around a rotor which
turns the generator and electricity is
produced.
•Wind Turbines are generally of two types:
1. Horizontal-Axis Turbines
2. Vertical-Axis Turbines
DEVELOPMENT OF WIND ENERGY
•Globally installed offshore and onshore wind generation capacities have
increased from 7.5 (GW) in 1997 to about 564 (GW) by 2018.

•Early working of wind energy took place in UK and USA in 1800s but, the first
modern horizontal-axis wind turbine was built in 1891 in Denmark, began
operation in 1897.

•Nowadays commercially installed wind turbines have reached 8 MW capacity,

with rotor diameters of up to 164 meters. The average capacity of wind turbines
increased from 1.6 MW in 2009 to 2 MW in 2014.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WIND
TURBINE GENERATORS
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
WIND TURBINE GENERATORS
•In the early 18th century horizontal windmills
consisting long vertical driveshafts and 6-12
rectangular sails covered with cloth were used.
•One of the early wind turbines used for the
production of electricity was built in Scotland in
1887 by Prof. James Blyth, it was a cloth sailed
wind turbine.
•Later in 1891, A Danish scientist constructed a
wind turbine to generate electricity and to
produce Hydrogen by electrolysis and store it.
•In 1953, J. Juul became the pioneer by
developing worlds' first Alternating Current wind
turbine at Gedser, which was a three-bladed
horizontal axis upwind turbine.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
WIND TURBINE GENERATORS
•Later on after the advancement in win
turbines, worlds first deep water large
capacity floating wind turbine, Hywind
(2009)became operational in Norway.

•Airborne wind energy systems are also

developed nowadays which use airfoils
or turbine supported in the air by
aerodynamic lifts.
GENISIS OF WIND
•The Wind is generated because of
unequal heating, causing a
temperature difference.
• As the warmer air expands, the
density and pressure of air decreases.
The surrounding cooler air flows in to
fill the void and wind develops.
•The direction is expressed in terms of
the point of compass. Wind speed is
the speed of the air flow. It is usually
expressed in KPH or as a force on the
Beaufort Scale.
 AERODYNAMICS OF WIND
ENERGY
•The aerodynamics of the wind turbine is an important
factor to increase power output and design a large
turbine blade.
•The pressure acts perpendicular to the surface of the
blades, which acts as a load on the wind turbine and
shear stress is the frictional force tangential to the
surface.
• The pressure difference between the bottom of the
blade and the top of the blade generates the lift force
(perpendicular to freestream velocity) the wind
turbine blade generates the power by rotating the
generator.
 BASICS OF WIND TURBINE DESIGN
•A ‘normal’ wind turbine design, in which the shaft is parallel
to the ground, and the blades are perpendicular to the
ground.
•Primary objective of a designer is to maximize the
aerodynamic efficiency or power extracted from wind.
Following points impact greatly on the design of a wind
turbine:
1. Number of Blades
2. Blade Shape
3. Blade Length
4. Tower Height
 MAIN PARTS OF WIND TURBINE
GENERATORS
•Generators- A simple generator consists of two parts –
a conductor and magnets surrounding the conductor and
by the rotation of either one of them voltage is
produced.

•Rotor Blades- The blades of a turbine act as barriers

against the wind. When the wind hits the blades, it
forces them to turn and activate the generator.

•Tower- The height of the tower is kept high because

speed of the wind increases with height that’s why it is
kept between 50m-150m.

•Foundation- The foundation connects the tower to the

ground and bears the static and dynamic loads created
by the turbine.
 CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY
GENERATION BY WIND TURBINES
Wind turbines for power generation may be characterized
according to their type of use:
•Grid connected wind turbines-The storage space for excess
electrical energy, e.g. at night, is transferred to the grid and is solved
there often by using hydro power plants with pump storage facilities.
•Wind turbines for stand-alone operation- These turbines use a
hybrid mode of storage of excess electrical energy. These turbines
have vanadium redox flow battery and super capacitor hybrid energy
storage.
•Wind turbines for hybrid systems- These turbine structures of
Hybrid Power System (HPS) can be classified as AC coupled and DC
coupled systems. These systems are famous for high power
optimization and less fuel costs.
 CONNECTION TO THE GRID
•Electricity
from the wind turbine generator travels to a
transmission substation where it is converted into
extremely high voltage between 155,000 and 765,000 volts.
•Power substations at the demand centers convert the high
voltage power from the transmission grid to a lower voltage
power, typically in the region of 10,000 volts.
•From here it moves into a smaller distribution grid to which
consumers are connected to this grid via another
transformer. Here the distribution voltage is converted to
the desired consumer voltage.
 OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE
GENERATOR
• Offshore wind turbine manufacturers focus to adopt sites
that must identify the wind resource of the area and the
potential energy contained in the wind.

•Offshore wind turbines bring complex engineering

challenges and they must be resilient to the harsh conditions
at sea, including strong winds creating large waves on water.

•Their foundation on water includes the technologies of

Semi-submersible platforms, a spar-buoy and Tension Leg
Platforms
 PLANNING OF WIND FARMS
•Due to the robust increase in the demand of energy,
different manufacturers started to plan and design
power efficient wind farms both on offshore and
onshore.

•Important factors in planning include-Installation of

maximum capacity, set-back from roads and
dwellings, located in visually sensitive view points,
turbine minimum spacings and factors to increase
communication signals such as SCADA systems.
 OPERATION OF WIND TURBINE
GENERATORS
•Generally, three main types of wind turbine generators used
such as-DC generators, AC synchronous and AC asynchronous
generators.
•In case of general DC generators, the field current increases
with operational speed. The rotor includes conductors wound
on an armature which are connected to a split-slip ring
commentator.
•Electrical power is extracted through brushes connecting the
commentator which is used to rectify the generated AC
power into DC output.  
 SERVICE AND MANAGEMENT
•Power production ceases if the generator fails. That’s why
regular and scheduled maintenance is done to prevent from
energy loss.
•Common failures in wind turbines include- Cooling system
failures, bearing failures, voltage irregularities, thermal
cycling and extreme weather conditions.
•Following are some repairing procedures done- Generator
rewinding, on-site machining, vibration analysis, wind analysis
and pitch setting or yaw motor repairs etc
REFERENCES
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/38933
https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/wind-power/wind-farm-design-planning-research-and
-commissioning/#
gref
https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/wind-turbine-components/
https://www.bgbinnovation.com/wind-turbine-parts/
https://www.powermag.com/wind-turbine-generator-maintenance-what-to-expect-and-why/