Chapter 1

Basic Knowledge of
Tankers
 1.2 Development of
tankers, types, piping
system and cargo pump
1.2.1 The Important stages in the development of tankers
and oil shipping
oil being
Construction of vessels to stored in
carry oil in bulk wooden
barrels
Single hull
To Development in
Double hull
Use of longitudinal divisions structure by using
(change in size & and transverse bulkhead to welding (Cheaper).
nature of Longitudinal –
structure)
form tanks increased tank space
Moving all the
accommodation and
bridge aft was a
later Location of machinery aft
feature and is
desirable from the
fire protection point
of view

Increase in size to VLCCs and

ULCCs

Liquefied Natural
Gas (LNG} and
Liquid chemicals
Transportation of liquefied Liquefied Petroleum
gas and chemicals in bulk Gas (LPG}
1.2.2 Types of oil tankers Type DWT Length Brief descriptions

Coastal < 55,000 <= 180m Usually for the carriage of chemicals
and petroleum products and is rare
for crude oil carriage.
Aframax 75,000- Approxi Favourable size, to serve most ports
120,000 mately in the world and just perfect for short
230m- to medium haul crude oil
245m. transportation.
Suezmax 120,000- Approxi Size where maximum cross-sectional
169,999 mately area enable it to pass through the
225m- Suez Canal.
285m
VLCC 170,000- Approxi Able to carry huge amount of crude
319,999 mately oil in a single trip. Known as
300m- Supertankers, these vessels are
470m primarily used for long-haul voyage.
ULCC 320,000- Approxi Due to their size, there is limited
550,000 mately number of ports with adequate
300m- facilities to accommodate them. They
470m are primarily used for very long haul
voyage.
1.2.3 Crude oil Carriers, Product Tankers, and Combination carriers.

Inert gas system - prevent

fire and explosion
1
Carry crude oil usually
from oilfields to refineries
internationally
Crude oil washing
equipment - tank cleaning
& to reduce sludge amount Crude oil
during the discharging
operation. The return voyage after
discharging is in ballast

Heating coils for cargo

heating - keep heavier grades
of oil viscous and speed up
cargo discharging.
Concentrate on one type of cargo
to minimize tank cleaning as the 1 carry 'end product' and is
transition from 'dirty' to 'clean' usually readied for use.
cargo involves extremely thorough
& time-consuming procedures.

Dirty product require heating Product Highly versatile ships - carry a

number of different types &
coils to increase the flow.
Tankers grades of cargo without the risk of
contamination amongst one
another.

Main type: white or 'clean'; and black

or 'dirty
The former includes light distillates -
petroleum, kerosene, naphtha, gas
oil, etc; while the latter - fuel oils,
crude & bitumen.
Cargo tanks are coated - protect
against corrosion thus affecting the
purity of the cargo.
 1 Ships intended for separate
Combination carriers are subject to carriage of oil & dry cargoes in
demanding duties, - must be built, bulk.
loaded and operated with keen
attention.

The combination of the these

Combination Ships intended for separate
carriage of oil and ore in bulk as
two ships - OBO (Oil/Bulk/Ore)
carrier.
carriers well - specifically designed to be
able to carry both ore or oil. They
are popularly referred to as
Oil/Ore (OO) Carrier.
 1.2.4 Types of Chemical Tankers
Smaller tankers specially
designed & constructed The 1st real chemical
Important stages in the development of

for the carriage of tanker specially designed

"acids" for the carriage of liquid
chemicals in bulk -
Norwegian M/T Lind
The cargo tanks (made
bulk chemical shipping

of special alloy steel)

strengthened for cargo 1st tanker equipped
densities up to 2.0 with stainless-steel
kg/liter. cargo tanks

After WW II Early
20171950s 1950-1959 1960 1960 0nward

Sea transport of Coating techniques - for A modern chemical

chemicals cargo tanks of mild steel
rapid growth in the
years after World War II To carry chemicals of
high purity & sensitive
to contamination
tanker has a large
number of cargo tanks &
is designed for carriage
of a wide variety of
cargoes
Required specialist crew training,
(theoretical & practical) - to
understand the characteristics of
the various chemicals & be aware
of the potential hazards involved
in handling them.
* provision of a data sheet, or cargo
information form, giving details
specific to a substance.
Chemical
Moreover, in port several products
Tankers
may be handled simultaneously at
one berth, typically including
different operations such as
discharge and loading as well as
tank cleaning. Even the less
sophisticated chemical tankers are
more complex to operate than oil
tankers.
1
Transport a wide range of
different cargoes, & to carry a
large number of segregated
products simultaneously.
The operation of chemical
tankers differs from any other
bulk liquid transportation
operations, on a single voyage
a large number of cargoes
with different properties,
characteristics and inherent
hazards may be carried.
Circle Infographics

Sophisticated
parcel chemical
A modern chemical tanker is
tankers
primarily designed to carry
some of the several hundred
hazardous products now Product/
covered by the IMO Bulk chemical
Chemical Codes (IBC Code). tankers
The following general types
of chemical carriers have
Specialized
developed since the trade chemical
began: carriers
 Cargo Tanks Configuration

Type 1 Type 3
affords a moderate level of protection.
provides the maximum level of
No special spacing requirements are
protection possible when transporting
necessary and the survivability criteria
substances that pose the greatest
in the event of vessel damage are not
environmental risk if an uncontrolled
as stringent as Type 1&2.
release from the vessel should occur.

Type 2
For transporting substances that pose a
significant hazard to the environment.
The spacing requirements and the
survivability requirements of the vessel
are less than those for type 1
containment.
1.2.5 Basic Knowledge of Ship Arrangements of an
Oil Tanker and Chemical Tankers

Ship Arrangements of an Oil Tanker

 Cargo tanks Internal piping in tanks
& pumprooms

Deep tanks
Pump-rooms venting system External piping
(deck lines)

General tank Piping

arrangements arrangements

Peak tanks Segregated Valves

ballast tanks Crossovers

Cofferdams Direct piping By-passes

Slop tanks
systems
Ring-main systems
Ships arrangements of a chemical tanker
1. Balanced rudder with conventional
12. Wing tank in double hull
propeller
13. Double bottom tank
2. Auxiliary unit 14. Tank-top
3. Lifeboat in gravity davits 15. Longitudinal vertically corrugated bulkhead
16. Transverse horizontally corrugated bulkhead
4. Hydraulic prime mover 17. Cargo pump
5. Cargo control room 18. Catwalk
19. Railing
6. Tank heating Itankwash room
20. Deck longitudinal
7. Cofferdam, empty space between two 21. Deck transverses
tanks 22. Cargo heater
8. Vent pipes with pressure-vacuum valves 23. Forecastle deck with anchor-and mooring gear
24. Bow thruster
9. Hydraulic high pressure oil-and return lines 25. Bulbous bow
for anchor and mooring gear,
10. Hose crane
11. Manifold

https://forshipbuilding.com/ship-types/tanker/
Pumps and Eductors
 The main cargo pumps fitted on tankers (ie crude and product tankers) are mainly of the
centrifugal type and they are usually found in the pumproom. The pump needs to be fully
primed in order to attain its full efficiency to discharge cargo at its topmost rate. It loses its
efficiency when it loses suction and air is being pocketed in the pump casing.
 Other pump types include the screw and piston pumps, which are used also in some unloading
systems.
 The piston pump or reciprocating pump, in particular, is used for the final stage of unloading
to strip the entire cargo system, ie main cargo pump, pipings in the pumproom, cargo oil tanks
and deck lines.
 At the cargo tank stripping stage, cargo is stripped through the self-stripping system designed
on the main cargo pump system or the educator system respectively as applicable.
 Cargo eductors enhance stripping process. They do not have moving parts and simple establish
a venture effect by their design and the flow of fluid through them. They are usually located at
the lower level of the cargo pump room.
1.2.6 Cargo Heating System

 Heating coils are installed in all cargo and slop tanks. The heating system is
capable of raising the temperature in the cargo oil tanks from 44°C to 66°C in
96 hours during voyage with ambient air temperature of 2°C and sea
temperature of S°C and of raising the oily water temperature in the slop tank
from 44°C to 66°C in 24 hours at the same conditions as above
1.2.7 Inert Gas System (IGS)

 Inert gas (IG) is a gas or a mixture of gases containing insufficient oxygen to suppress the
combustion of flammable hydrocarbons. IG is used to prevent explosions and fires occurring
onboard ships carrying crude oil, hydrocarbon gases or refined oil products.
 Three types of IGS are:
• Flue gas system (for steamships)
• Oil-fired IG generators (found aboard motorships and barges)
• Nitrogen systems (used aboard parceltankers)
 Regardless of the type of IGS installed on the vessel, it should be capable of supplying a gas or
a mixture of gases with oxygen content of 5% - 8% or less by volume.
 In general The main components in a typical IGS are: Scrubber Unit, Inert Gas Blowers, Deck
Water Seal, Pressure/Vacuum Breaker, Valves, Control and Monitoring System.
1.2.8 Cargo Measurement System

Gauging system aboard chemical carriers

 The accuracy required of chemical carrier level gauges is high because of the nature
and value of the cargo.
 To limit personnel exposure to chemicals or their vapours while cargo is being
handled, or during carriage at sea, the IBC Code specifies three methods of gauging
the level of a liquid in a tank - open, restricted or closed - according to the health
hazard of the product.
 Many chemical cargoes may not be gauged by manual dipping because to do so
requires an opening to the atmosphere during operation. The use of completely
closed gauging systems is necessary, so that no vapour is emitted.

Use of an opening in the tanks and may
expose the gauger to the cargo or its
vapour. An example of this is the ullage
opening.
Open
device
Which penetrates the tank and which,
when in use, permits a small quantity
of cargo vapour or liquid to be exposed
to the atmosphere. When not in use,
the device is completely closed. The
design shall ensure that no dangerous
escape of tank contents (liquid or
spray) can take place in opening the
device.
Which penetrates the tank, but which is
part of a closed system and keeps tank
contents from being released. Examples
are the float-type systems, electronic
probe, magnetic probe and protected
sight-glass. Alternatively, an indirect
device which does not penetrate the
tank shell and which is independent of
the tank may be used. Examples are
Restricted weighing of cargo, pipe flowmeter.
device Radar systems have a high degree of
"Open'', "Restricted"
accuracy and can be integrated with
"Closed" Gauging pressure and temperature sensors. The
readings can have real time input to a
vessel's loading computer.
Closed device
 1.3 Types of Cargoes

Bulk Liquid Cargoes

Chemical

Petroleum Special
 Any substance used in, or
obtained by, a chemical process
 crude oil and the various  These substances are derived  liquid substances other than the
products derived (refined) from many sources and have other two
from this raw material diverse characteristics
 Animal/Vegetable Oils
 Gasoline, Fuel oil, Diesel, Organic Chemicals Inorganic Chemicals
 Miscellaneous Liquids
 Aromatic hydrocarbons  Boric acid
Kerosene, Jet fuel,  Vinyl chloride  Sulphuric acid
Lubricants, Residual fuel oil,  Acetone  Phosphoric acid
Asphalt, Coke  Acetic acid  Caustic soda
 Styrene monomer  Hydrochloric acid
 Acrylonitrile  Molten sulphur