FIRST-AID/Basic Life Support

CLASS RULES

Dress Code: Cadet’s Uniform.

Microphone Device should be muted.
No sit-in audience during class session.
Create a quiet work place.
Questions will be entertained after class session.
Unnecessary use of devices, websites and other applications during class session are prohibited.
No eating during class session.
Personal necessity will be allowed only during break time.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
Scope of Presentation

• Introduction to First-Aid/Basic Life Support

• Emergency Action Principles
• Cardiac Emergencies
• Airway and Breathing Emergencies
• Bleeding and Shock
• Soft Tissue Injuries
• Poisoning
• Bones, Joints and Muscle Injuries
• Bandage & Bandaging Techniques
• CPR / Rescue Breathing
First Aid
immediate help provided to a sick
or injured person until
professional medical help arrives
or become available.
 
Basic Life Support
an emergency procedure that consists
of recognizing respiratory or cardiac
arrest or both and the proper
application of CPR to maintain life
until a victim recovers or advance life
support is available.
Objectives of First-Aid
-first aid aims to accomplish the
following goals:

• Preserve life
• Prevent further harm and
complications
• Seek immediate medical help
• Provide reassurance
Legal Concerns
• Consent
• Duty to Act
• Standard of Care
• Negligence
• Abandonment
• Confidentiality
Health Hazards and Risks
Common Transmittable Diseases

• Herpes
• Meningitis
• Tuberculosis
• Hepatitis
• Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV)/ Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
 HERPES
• Herpes simplex
virus 1 and 2 (HSV-
1 and HSV-2), also known
as human herpesvirus
1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-
2), are two members of
the Human Herpesviridae
family , a set of viruses
that produce viral
infections  in the majority
of humans.
 MENINGITIS
•Meningitis is an acute
inflammation of the protective
membranes covering the brain and
spinal cord , known collectively as
the meninges.
 TUBERCULOSIS

• Tuberculosis (TB) is an
infectious disease
usually caused by
Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis Bacteria
(MTB).
 HEPATITIS
• Hepatitis is an
inflammation of the liver.
Viruses cause most cases
of hepatitis. The type
of hepatitis is named for
the virus that causes it;
for
example, hepatitis A, hep
atitis B or hepatitis C.
Drug or alcohol use can
also cause hepatitis.
 HIV/ AIDS
• The human
immunodeficiency
viruses (HIV) are two
species of Lentivirus (a
subgroup of Retrovirus )
that causes HIV infection
and over time
Acquired Immuno
Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS). AIDS is a condition
in humans in which
progressive failure of the
immune system allows life-
threatening opportunistic
and cancer to thrive.
 Health Hazards and Risks
Prevention and Protection
• Universal Precaution are a set of strategies developed to
prevent transmission of blood borne pathogens.
• Body Substance Isolation are precautions taken to isolate or
prevent risk of exposure from body secretions and any other
type of body substance such as urine, vomit, faeces, sweat or
sputum.
• Personal Protective Equipment is specialized clothing,
equipment and supplies that keep you from directly
contacting infected materials.
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
Scene Size- up
• Scene Safety
• Knowing what happened
-Mechanism of Injury
-Nature of Illness
• Role of bystanders
• Number of Casualties
• Asking permission or consent
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
Airway
Breathing
Circulation

• Pulse
• Bleeding
• Shock
• Skin color, temperature and moisture
 CARDIAC EMERGENCIES
Heart Attack
• Also called as myocardial infarction, it occurs when the blood and
oxygen supply to the heart is reduced causing damage to the heart
muscle and preventing blood from circulating effectively. It is usually
caused by coronary heart disease.
Cardiac Arrest
• It occurs when the heart stops contracting and no blood circulates
through the blood vessels and vital organs are deprived of oxygen.
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
• A combination of chest compression and rescue breathing.
 Airway and Breathing Emergencies

Foreign- body Airway Obstructions

• Also known as choking, it is a common breathing emergency that
occurs when the person’s airway is partially or completely blocked by
a foreign object.
Anatomical Obstruction
• When tongue drops back and obstructs the throat. Other causes are
acute asthma, croup diphtheria, swelling and whooping cough. 
Mechanical Obstruction
• When foreign objects lodge in the pharynx or airways; solid of liquid
accumulate in the back of the throat.
 Airway and Breathing Emergencies
Respiratory Arrest
• Is a type of breathing emergency which occurs when
breathing has stopped.

Rescue Breathing
• Is a technique of breathing air into a person to supply him or
her with the oxygen needed to survive. It is given to victim
who are not breathing but still have pulse.
 Airway and Breathing Emergencies
Asthma Attack
• Is an illness in which certain substances or conditions; called
“triggers”, cause inflammation and constriction of the airways,
making breathing difficulty.

Hyperventilation
• Occurs when a person’s breathing is faster and more shallow
than normal. When you hyperventilate, you breathe out more
CO2 than usual, so that levels in your bloodstream drop.
BLEEDING AND SHOCK
Bleeding
• Is the loss of blood escaping from the circulatory
system.

Shock
• Is a condition in which the circulatory system fails
to deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the body’s
tissue and vital organs.
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Close Wound
• Is a wound where the outer layer of the skin is
intact and the damage lies below the surface.

Open Wound
• The outer layer of the skin is broken.
TYPES OF CLOSE WOUNDS
TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS

•Abrasions
•Incised Wound
•Lacerated Wound
•Punctured Wound
•Avulsion
TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
 TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
• Abrasions – results from scraping (abrading) the skin. Bleeding is
minimal and limited to ruptured small veins and capillaries.

• Incised Wound – cuts, commonly caused by sharp objects the

degree of bleeding depend on the deep and extent of a cut. Deep
cuts may involve blood vessels and may cause extensive bleeding;
they may also damage muscles tendons and nerves.

• Lacerated Wound – jagged, irregular or blunt breaks or tears in the

skin. The destruction of tissues is greater in.
 TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
Puncture Wounds – irregularly caused by pointed
objects such as pin, icepick, nails and splinters.

Avulsions – involve forcible separation or tearing or

tissue from the victims’ body. commonly caused by
animals bites and accidents involving motor
vehicles and heavy machinery.
TOURNIQUET
• Only when the direct pressure, elevation and
pressure points fail to stop the bleeding from
a limb, or when blood is gushing from a major
wound such as a limb amputation, should a
tourniquet be applied. The use of a
tourniquet can cause the loss of the limb
below the hand, hence it must be used as a
last-resort measure.
 TOURNIQUET
• Place the tourniquet around the limb and between the
wound and the heart. Never place directly over the wound or
fractured.
• For amputation or partial amputation of the foot, leg, hand
and arm for bleeding from the upper arm or thigh, place the
tourniquet just above the wound or amputation.
• For hemorrhage from the forearm with no associated
amputation, place the tourniquet just above the wound or
amputation.
 TOURNIQUET
• When possible, place the tourniquet over the smooth sleeve
or trouser leg to prevent skin from being pinched or
twisted.
• Once a tourniquet has been applied, inspect it and the
dressing frequently to see if the tourniquet has slipped and
if any sign or further bleeding is present. If necessary
tighten the tourniquet, but under no circumstances loosen
it. It should only loosened by medical personnel.
• It needs tube loosen for 2 –3 seconds in every 20-30
minutes, and piece of wood, stick, etc.
TOURNIQUET
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Burns
-Are injuries to the skin and to other body tissue that is
caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

• Thermal Burns
• Chemical Burns
• Electrical Burns
• Radiation Burns
 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Burns
• Are injuries to the skin and to other body tissue that is caused by heat,
chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
Thermal Burns
• Is a type of burn resulting from making contact with heated objects
such as boiling water, steam, hot cooking oil, fire, and hot object.
Chemical Burns
• Occurs when living tissue exposed to a corrosive substance such as a
strong acid or base.
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Electrical Burns
• Is a burn that results from electricity
passing through the body causing rapid
injury.
Radiation Burns
• Is damage to the skin or other biological
tissue as an effect of radiation.
DIFFERENT
TYPES OF
BURNS
POISONING
- is a condition or a process in which an organism
 becomes chemically intoxicated by an exogenous
 substance, usually by ingestion or external
exposure. 
• Ingested Poison
• Inhaled Poison
• Injected Poison
• Absorbed Poison
 POISONING
Ingested Poison
• Poisoning by ingestion is considered any substance
that’s harmful to the body when ingested,
whether intentionally or unintentionally.

Inhaled Poison
• Poisoning by inhalation occurs when a person
breathes in toxic fumes.
POISONING
Injected Poison
• Injected poisons enter the body through the
bites or stings of insects, spiders, ticks,
snakes and some marine life.

Absorbed Poison
• An absorbed poison enters the body after it
comes in contact with the skin.
HEAD AND SPINE INJURIES
Head Injury
• Is any sort of injury to your brain, skull, or scalp.
 
Concussion
• Is a traumatic brain injury that affects your brain
function and usually caused by a blow to the head.
 
Spinal Injury
• Damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves at the
end of the spinal canal (cauda equina).
BONES, JOINTS AND MUSCLE INJURIES

• Strain
• Sprain
• Dislocation
• Fracture
FRACTURE
• Simple or Close Fracture – no break in the
continuity or no injury to the skin. It is free
from air and infection.

• Compound or Open Fracture – one in which,

there is wound communicating with the
broken ends of the bone is broken into more
than two (2) pieces.
FRACTURE
TREATMENT FOR FRACTURE:
• R - Rest
• I - Immobilize
• C - Cold
• E – Elevate

TREATMENT FOR THE NECK AND BACK FRACTURE:

• Lay the patient on his back.
• Place a Cervical Collar (C-Collar).
• Prepare litter.
 DIFFERENT
TYPES OF
BONES, JOINT
AND MUSCLES
INJURIES
 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)
• Is a disruption of blood flow to a part to the brain which
may cause permanent damage to the brain tissue.

Diabetic Emergencies
• Is the inability of the body to change sugar (glucose)
from food into energy.

• Hyperglycemia
• Hypoglycemia
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Seizures
• Is when the normal functions of the brain are
disrupted by injury, disease, fever, poisoning or
infection, and the electrical activity of the brain
becomes irregular.
• Chronic - condition occurs suddenly without
warning.
• Febrile – condition brings about a rapid increase
in body temperature.
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Anaphylaxis
• An allergy is caused by the over-activity of the immune system
against specific antigens.

• Bee or insect venom

• Pollen
• Animal dander
• Certain Antibiotics and Drugs
• Certain foods like nuts, peanuts, shellfish and dairy products
 MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Fainting
• Is a partial or complete loss of consciousness resulting from a
temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain.

• An emotionally stressful event.

• Pain
• Specific medical condition such as heart disease
• Standing for long periods of time or overexertion
• Pregnant women and the elderly are more likely than others to faint
when suddenly changing positions.
LIFTING AND MOVING
- Lifting and carrying are dynamic processes. A Patient can
be moved to safety in many different ways, but no one way
is best for every situation.

Emergency Move
- is the movement of a patient to a safe place before
initial assessment and care is provided, typically because
there is some potential danger.

• Fireman’s Carry
• Fireman’s Drag
LIFTING AND MOVING
Non-emergency Move
- is the movement of a patient when both scene and the
patient are stable.

One man assist to walk Three man carry

Two man assist to walk Four man carry
One man carry Hammock carry
Two man carry Bearer’s along side
BANDAGE
Bandage
-Is a sterile/ clean cloth used to provide control
bleeding.

Three key uses:

applying pressure to bleeding wounds; covering
wounds and burns; and providing support and
immobilization for broken bones, sprains and strains.
 BANDAGE
Types of Bandages
- Triangular Bandage
- Elastic Bandage
- Gauze Bandage
- Tubular Bandage
BANDAGE
FOLDS OF TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

OPEN FACE

SEMI-BROAD
CRAVAT
BROAD CRAVAT

NARROW CRAVAT
BANDAGE
PARTS OF TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
APEX

SIDE SIDE

FAC
E

TAI TAI
L L
BASE
BANDAGING TECHNIQUE

Top of the Head

Ear, Cheek and Jaw

Arm /

Arm Sling Shoulder/ Armpit Bandage

BANDAGING TECHNIQUE

Foot Bandage (SPRAIN)

 BANDAGING TECHNIQUE
Bandaging
- is the technique that provide control bleeding.
INJURIES:
Top of the Head Armpit
Forehead Chest / Back
Face / Back of the Head Sling Arm / Underarm
Sling
Eye Elbow / Knee
Ear, Cheek & Jaw Arm / Thigh/ Leg
Neck Open / Close Palm
Shoulder Sprain (with/without shoes)
 CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
ADULT CHILD INFANT
ACTION (13 year old & above) (1-12 years old) (Under 1 year old)

COMPRESSION AREA Center of the chest below the imaginary nipple line

DEPTH 2. 4inches 2 inches 1 ½ inches

HOW TO COMPRESS 2 heels of 2 hands Heel of 1 hand or 2 hands 2 Fingers middle & ring

RATE (Speed) 30 : 2 30 : 2 for 1 rescuer

1 or 2 rescuers 15 : 2 for 2 rescuers

Mouth –to- Mouth Mouth-to-Mouth & Nose

WAYS TO VENTILATE
No. of Cycles/ 2mins
Counting for Standardization
Purposes
Mouth –to- Nose
Protective Equipment to ventilate: Face shield, face mask, BVM.
5 Cycles 5 Cycles
1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* * 9* 10 *1 1* 12 *1 3* 14* 15* 16* 17* 18* 19* 20*
1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* 9* and 1
When to STOP CPR

• S -pontaneous signs of life are restored

• T -urned over to medical services

• O -perator is exhausted

• P -hysician assumed responsibility

• S -cene becomes unsafe

RESCUE BREATHING

• Adult - Breathe, 1001,1002, 1003, 1

• Breathe, 1001, 1002, 1003, 2
• Breathe, 1001,1002, 1003, 3... 24

• Child - Breathe, 1001, 1

• Breathe, 1001, 2
• Breathe, 1001, 3... 40
ANY QUESTIONS???
"PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE"

THANK YOU &

GOOD DAY !