Viruses-2

Content

1. introduction
2. Structure
3. infection
4. VIRUS FAMILIES
 1.
Herpesviruses

Virus Families (Baltimore classes)

Adenoviruses
I.
dsDNA
Papillomaviruses

DNA viruses
Poxviruses

II.
Parvoviruses
ssDNA

III.
Reoviruses
dsRNA

IV.
Picornaviruses
RNA viruses (+)ssRNA

ds: double-stranded Orthomyxoviruses

ss: single-stranded
V.
RT: reverse transcriptase
(+) identical with the mRNA sequence (-)ssRNA
(-) complementary to the mRNA sequence Rhabdoviruses

VI.
Retroviruses
(+)ssRNA
RT-viruses
VII.
Hepadnaviruses
dsDNA
 2.

Herpesviruses
 3.
Herpesviruses Herpes simplex
virus type 1
(HSV-1)

Herpes simplex
-Herpesviridae
virus type 2 (HSV-2)

Varicella-zoster
virus (VZV)

Human
-Herpesviridae cytomegalovirus
(HCMV)

Epstein-Barr virus
-Herpesviridae
(EBV)
 4.
Herpes simplex virus
- structure
ra ne)
mb
e (me spikes
el op
env

e
lop
ve
en
DNA tegument
tegument

capsid
id
caps

hexon

penton

triplex
 5.
Herpes simplex virus
- genome
 6.
Attachment and entry
 7.
Transcription and translation
 8.
Genome replication
 encapsidation
1.

2.
 9.
exit
CYTOPLASM MEMBRANE

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
NUCLEUS

Transport
vesicle
Membrane fusion
ER
 10.
summary 1. Attachment
2. Entry
3. Transcription
4. Translation
5. Genome replication
6. Assembly
7. Exit
 11.
Latent infection
 12.

adenoviruses
1994

Philip Sharp
For his discoveries of split genes
 13.
Papillomaviruses
Human papilloma virus
Harald zur Hauser

Papilloma viruses: dsDNA

50% of cervical cancers

2008

Cervix
 14.

poxviruses
Black pox (smallpox)
er
d Jenn
Edwar
 15.

parvoviruses
 16.

parvoviruses

Not needed to study

 17.
Reoviruses
1. Attachment
2. Entry
Respiratory
3. Transcription (early and late) Enteric
4. Translation (early and late)
5. Genome replication Orphan
6. Assembly
7. Exit

Facultative material Disease:

gastroenteritis in humans (rotaviruses)
 18.

Picornaviruses
 19.

Picornaviruses
Poliovirus  Poliomyelitis

Iron lung

Paralysis
 20.

Picornaviruses
An
ORF

IRES
 21.

Picornaviruses

Facultative material
 22.

Orthomyxoviruses
Influenza viruses
 23.

Influenza viruses

N spike
(neuraminidase)

Envelope

Matrix protein

Nucleocapsid protein

RNA
H spike
(hemagglutinin)
 24.
Influenza viruses
 25.
Influenza viruses
 26.
Influenza viruses
Antigenic drift:
The antigen alters as a result of a mutation

Antigenic shift:
Generation of new combinations
 27.
Influenza
viruses
 28.

Rhabdoviruses
 29.

Rhabdoviruses
 30.

Retroviruses
Genes
gag group-specific antigen
pol polymerase
env envelope
Proteins
CA capsid
IN integrase
MA matrix
NC nucleocapsid
PR protease
RH ribonuclease H
RT reverse transcriptase
SU surface glycoprotein
TM transmembrane glycoprotein
Non-coding sequences
PBS primer-binding site
R repeat sequence
U3 unique sequence at 3 end of genome
U5 unique sequence at 5 end of genome
 31.
Life cycle of a retrovirus

1. Attachment
2. Entry
3. Reverse transcription
4. Transcription
5. Translation
6. Genome replication
7. Assembly
8. Exit
 32.

HIV 5 million new HIV infections/year

3 million death/year from the virus
 33.

HIV
Envelope
spikes Protein capsid

Viral envelope

RNA genome
Reverse (+ strand)
transcriptase Matrix protein
molecule
 34.
Auxiliary Proteins Function

HIV
Tat transcription factor
Rev late gene expression
Nef protects from immune surveillance
Vif prevents incorporation into virions of damaging cell proteins
Vpr targets pre-integration complex to nucleus
Vpu virion budding

Complex retrovirus
p2 HIV-1

Simple retrovirus
 35.
Attachment and entry
CD4 T cells are the major targets of the virus

CD4 binding site

(co-receptor)
 36.
Reverse transcription and integration
NUCLEUS 37.
provirus

Cell RNA pol-II

CYTOPLASM
Myristoyl group

Early gene expression

Myristic acid is a common saturated fatty acid with the molecular formula CH 3(CH2)12COOH
 38.
Roles of tat and rev Tat acts as a transcription factor, but it binds RNA!
In the absence Tat most transcripts are incomplete

Rev causes the shift from the early to late protein synthesis
 39.
tat and rev
 40.
Late gene expression
 41.
Assembly  exit
 42.
summary
HIV

RNA
Reverse transcriptase T lymphocyte
Viral RNA
DNA (single strand)

DNA (double
Strand)

Nucleus

Viral DNA
Host cell DNA

Viral RNA
Viral
RNA

Viral
proteins

HIV
 43.
1. Attachment

summary 2. Entry
3. Reverse transcription
4. Transcription
5. Translation
6. Genome replication
7. Assembly
8. Exit
 44.

Variability of the hiv genome

1. Antigenic drift: high mutation rate of RT enzyme

2. Antigenic shift: recombination between HIV-1 populations

 45.

Nobel Prize and debate

Howard Temin
1975 Françoise Barré-Sinoussi Luc Montagnier

For their discovery of HIV

For his DNA provirus hypothesis
2008

Robert Gallo
 46.

prevalence
 47.

Hepadnaviruses
50 million new HBV infections/year
1 million death/year
 48.

Hepadnaviruses

HBV: hepatitis B virus

 49.

Bacteriophages

Max Delbrück Alfred Hershey Salvador Luria

For their discoveries concerning the replication

mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses

1969
 50.

Between cells and viruses?

mimivirus

projections

DNA
internal membrane
capsid
 51.

ViroPhages
Sputnic virus lives within mimiviruses (and mamaviruses)
 52.

Viruses in the oceans

70% of the virus genomes isolated from the oceans are unknown
 53.
Prions
(not viruses!)