VMD 502

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITED BY:-

Dr. M. M. MALI SOMESH SHARMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR M.V.SC. Ist year
PGIVER PGIVER
ANAPLASMOSIS
INTRODUCTION

Anaplasma is a Tick borne disease

caused by Anaplasma species, i.e.,
Anaplasma marginale or Anaplasma
centrale, characterized by fever,
debility, anaemia, emaciation and
jaundice.
 ETIOLOGY
Anaplasma spp is a host specific, obligatory intra-
erythrocytic organism.
These looks like dote, rods, or even tailed forms.

Anaplasma marginale : Cattle

Anaplasma centrale : Mild anaplasmosis in cattle
Anaplasma ovis : Sheep
 Epidemiology
• Anaplasmosis in cattle is world wide distributed.
• It endemic in tropical and sub tropical regions
while sporadic in temperate regions.
• Indigenous species are not very susceptible,
disease occurs mainly in exotic and crossbreed
cattle.
• Young animals are less susceptible but can get
infection subclinically and become carrier and
preimmune.
• Animals above age 3 yrs are commonly
susceptible.
 TRANSMISSION
• The disease gets transmitted via insect vectors.
• It involves both type of transmissions i.e. biological
transmission (Ixodid ticks) and mechanical
transmission (Tabanidae flies).
• Anaplasma undergoes complex developmental
cycle in gut cells and the final infective stage is
present in the salivary glands of ticks.
• Trans-stadial transmission also occurs in tick
vectors.
• Intra-uterine transmission also reported in cattles.
 TICK VECTORS

Boophilus microplus Demacenter spp.

(one host tick) (three host tick)
 TABANIDAE FLIES

Tabanids are efficiant mechanical vectors.

Can transmit infection even after 2 hrs of feeding.
 Pathogenesis
• Anaplasma enters the erythrocyte via endocytosis.
1 • And leave by exocytosis to infect other erythrocytes.

• Atleast 15% RBC must be parasitized for clinical manifestation.

2

• Parasitised RBC phagocytised by RE system and release inflammatory

3 reactants and development of fever.

• Continous RBC destruction leads to anemia.

4

• Appearnce of anti-erythrocyte antibodies, may cuz isoimmune anemia.

5 • Severe anemia leads to jaundice.
 Clinical sign
The severity of signs depends on: -
Age of animal
Previous exposure to infection.
Generally, older animal at first exposure, show more
severe signs.
In animals < 1 year old, anaplasmosis is usually
subclinical, in yearlings and 2-year-olds it is
moderately severe, and in older cattle it is severe and
often fatal.
 Per acute form
Animal succumb just after onset of symptoms.

1. Pyrexia with rapid loss of milk production.

2. Anaemia with very pale mucous membranes.
3. Rapid breathing with excessive salivation.
4. Nervous signs and abnormal behaviour in some
cattle.
 Acute form
This usually involves cattle over three years old infection for
the first time and is frequently fatal.
There is:
1. Milk production falls.
2. Inappetence
3. loss of coordination
4. breathlessness when exerted
5. Temoerature may rise upto 106˚F.
6. The urine may be brown, but, in contrast to babesiosis,
hemoglobinuria does not occur.
7. Mucous membranes appear pale and then yellow.
8. Pregnant cows may abort.
Anaemia with pale mucous membrane
 Post mortem change
1. Emaciated carcass, jaundice, pale tissue and thin
watery blood.
2. Liver enlarged and deep orange in colour.
3. Kidney congested, enlarged liver and spleen.
4. Oedematous lymph nodes.
5. Petechial hemorrhage in myocardium.
 Diagnosis
Field diagnosis: History, clinical signs, lesions and tick
movement in the area.
1. Laboratory diagnosis:
2. Giemsa stain(bluish purple) in blood smear.
1. Serological tests: CFT, capillary tube
agglutination test.
2. Hematological changes: decrease Erythrocytic
count, haematocrit and haemoglobin
concentration, and thrombocytopenia.
 Anaplasma

Anaplasma in the blood smear.

 Differential Diagnosis
1. Leptospirosis: Hemoglobin in the urine is also not
found. Urine examination for identification of
Leptospira may be used for differentiation.
2. Theilriosis: may be diagnosed by clinical symptoms
such us swelling of lymphnode and hemorrhagic
conjunctive as well as observing Koch’s Blue
Bodies in lymphnodes.
3. Babesiosis: haemoglobinuria is seen which is
absent in anaplasmosis.
 Treatment
Most effective during early stage.
1. Imidocarb(Imizol) @ 3mg/kg b.wt.
2. Long acting tetracycline.
3. Supportive and symptomatic treatment are
recommended (vit-B12, haematinics, liver tonics
and blood transfusion).
 Prevention and control
•Reduction of vectors.
•Detection and elimination of carriers.
•Control of animal movement.
•Vaccination.
•If more numbers of cases occur at farm, inject
Oxytetracycline 1-2 mg/kg b. wt. to prevent infection.
Vaccinations