HEAT Go, change the

RV College of world
Engineering
Hydroelectric Power Plant
EL Project

NAME -
Raj Aryan Singh (RVCE22BME082)
Namith Rinesh Kiran (RVCE22BME004)
Amulya K V (RVCE22BME122)
Nishanth D Deveng (RVCE22BME089)

1st Semester - ‘ME-A’ section

 RV College of
Engineering References Go, change the world

Mechanical:
"Design and Analysis of Pelton Turbine for Hydro Power Plant" by N.K. Patel and J.S. Patel, published in the Journal of Mechanical Engineering
Science and Technology.
"Optimal Design of Francis Turbine for Hydro Power Plant" by D. Singh and A. Kumar, published in the Journal of Energy Engineering.
"Control Systems for Hydro Power Plants" by S. Jain and R.K. Singh, published in the Journal of Power Electronics and Drives.
"Generator Design for Hydro Power Plants" by X. Wang and Y. Chen, published in the Journal of Renewable Energy and Power Quality.

Physics:
"Hydrodynamic Performance of Hydro Power Plants" by S. Kundu and P.C. Saha, published in the International Journal of Applied Mechanics and
Engineering.
"Thermodynamics of Hydro Power Plants" by R.K. Singh and R. Kumar, published in the Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering.
"Electrical Power Generation in Hydro Power Plants" by A.S. Al-Sulaimani, published in the Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

Mathematics:
"Hydraulic Design of Hydroelectric Power Plants" by D. Ristovski, published in the Journal of Power and Energy Engineering.
"Optimal Energy Management of Hydro Power Plants" by H. El-Akki, published in the Journal of Energy Engineering.
"Modern Trends in Hydro Power Plant Design and Operation" by L. Zhang and J. Wang, published in the International Journal of Energy and
Power Engineering.
"An Analysis of the Technical and Economic Feasibility of Hydro Power Plants" by A.S. Al-Sulaimani, published in the Journal of Energy Sources.
"Cost Analysis of Hydro Power Plants" by K.L. Nema and V.K. Agarwal, published in the Journal of Power and Energy Engineering
 RV College of
Engineering Introduction Go, change the world

Hydro power is one of the oldest and most widely used sources of renewable
energy. It harnesses the power of moving water to generate electricity. Hydro power
plants can range in size from small, micro-hydro systems that generate a few
kilowatts of power to large, multi-megawatt facilities that can serve entire
communities or even countries.
 RV College of
Engineering Principle of Operation Go, change the world

A hydro power plant works by using a dam to store water in a reservoir. When
the water is released, it flows through a turbine, which rotates and generates
electricity. The water is then returned to the river or other body of water, where
it can be used again. The amount of electricity generated by a hydro power
plant is directly proportional to the amount of water flowing through the
turbine and the difference in height between the reservoir and the point at
which the water is released.
 RV College of
Engineering Components of a Hydro Power Plant Go, change the world

1. Dam: A dam is used to create a reservoir that stores water and controls the flow of water through
the turbine. The dam also helps to regulate the water supply and maintain a constant flow, which is
necessary for efficient operation of the plant.
2. Reservoir: The reservoir stores water and provides a constant source of water for the plant. The
size of the reservoir is determined by the amount of water that will be required for the plant to
generate electricity.
3. Turbine: The turbine is the heart of the hydro power plant. It converts the energy of the moving
water into mechanical energy that can be used to generate electricity. There are several types of
turbines used in hydro power plants, including Francis turbines, Pelton turbines, and Kaplan
turbines.
4. Generator: The generator is connected to the turbine and converts the mechanical energy into
electrical energy. The generator is responsible for producing the electricity that is sent to the grid.
5. Control System: The control system is responsible for monitoring and controlling the flow of
water through the turbine and the generation of electricity. The control system can be automated, or
it can be operated by a control room operator.
RV College of
Engineering METHODOLOGY Go, change the world

1. Acquirement of Parts and Cost

2. Building of Project

3. Mechanical Aspect

4. Physical Aspect

5. Mathematical Aspect
 RV College of
Engineering Acquirement of Parts and Cost Go, change the world

Below is a list of the required parts and their prices:

DC motor and LED bulb: Rs130
2x Plastic container: Rs100 x 2
Valve: Rs120
Polyurethane Pipe: Rs130
Chart paper and Cardboard: Rs200
Metal rods and screws- Rs500
Turbine 3D printed- Rs1500
Super glue: Rs30
Water dispenser- Rs250
Flow sensor- Rs225
• The parts mentioned can be easily found in local supermarkets and hardware stores. They can also be sourced
online from websites like Amazon or Flipkart from various retailers.
• The total amount should be around Rs3285 for the model.
 RV College of
Engineering Building of Project Go, change the world

Procedure:
• A plastic container is kept at a height using a cardboard stand which works as dam.
• A plastic pipe which acts as penstock is connected to dam through a valve(control gate).
• At the end of penstock, a nozzle is fitted.
• Bottle caps are fitted using super glue to the end of the ice cream sticks, this is buckets
or blades of the turbine.
• These ice cream sticks are glued together to ball bearings forming a required turbine.
• Now turbine is coupled with the DC motor using a metal rod which acts as shaft.
• The DC motor is connected to a rechargeable battery which stores electrical energy.
• The battery is in turn connected to led bulbs.
 RV College of
Engineering Mechanical Aspect Go, change the world

Mechanical engineering plays a crucial role in the design and operation of hydroelectric power plants.
Here are some of the mechanical engineering aspects involved in hydroelectric power plants:
1. Turbine design: The design of the turbine is one of the most important aspects in a hydroelectric
power plant. The turbine must be designed to maximize the conversion of kinetic energy from the water
flow into mechanical energy. Different types of turbines, such as Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines,
are used in hydroelectric power plants depending on the flow rate, head, and desired power output.
2. Generator design: The generator must be designed to convert the mechanical energy from the
turbine into electrical energy. Various types of generators, such as synchronous generators and
induction generators, are used in hydroelectric power plants. The generator design must consider
factors such as the speed of rotation, voltage, and power output.
3. Control system: The control system is responsible for controlling the flow rate of water through the
turbine, the speed of rotation of the turbine and generator, and the power output of the plant. Control
systems typically use hydraulic or electro-mechanical actuators to control the turbine speed and water
flow rate.
In conclusion, the mechanical engineering aspects of hydroelectric power plants include the design and
operation of the turbine, generator, and control system. The mechanical design must consider factors
such as efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness to ensure optimal performance and profitability of
the hydroelectric power plant.
 RV College of
Engineering Physical Aspect Go, change the world

The physics of hydroelectric power plants involves the principles of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics,
and electrical engineering.
1. Fluid mechanics: Hydroelectric power plants rely on the flow of water through turbines to
generate electricity. The principles of fluid mechanics are used to understand the behavior of
water as it flows through the plant, including the velocity and pressure of the water, and the
forces exerted on the turbine blades.
2. Thermodynamics: The conversion of potential energy in the water into mechanical energy in the
turbine is based on the principles of thermodynamics. The First Law of Thermodynamics states
that the energy in a system cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to
another.
3. Electrical engineering: The mechanical energy generated by the turbine is converted into
electrical energy by a generator. The principles of electrical engineering are used to design the
generator, transformers, and other electrical components in the plant. The generation of
electricity also involves the use of Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which states that a
changing magnetic field will induce an electromotive force in a conductor.
In conclusion, the physics of hydroelectric power plants involves the application of fluid mechanics,
thermodynamics, and electrical engineering to design and operate a system that converts the
potential energy in water into electricity.
 RV College of
Engineering Mathematical Aspect Go, change the world

Hydroelectric power plants involve several mathematical aspects that are critical for their design and
operation. Here are some of the mathematical aspects:
1. Flow rate calculation: The flow rate of water through the turbine is a crucial aspect in determining
the power output of the hydroelectric plant. The equation of continuity is used to calculate the flow
rate i.e. Q=A x v; Q is the flow rate, A is the cross-sectional area of pipe and v is the flow velocity.
2. Power output calculation: The power output of the hydroelectric plant is calculated using the
formula: Power = (Flow rate) x (Head) x (Gravitational acceleration).
3. Turbine selection: The selection of the turbine for a hydroelectric plant depends on the flow rate,
head, and the desired power output. Mathematical models are used to calculate the efficiency of
different types of turbines and select the most suitable one.
4. Reservoir management: Hydroelectric power plants often have a reservoir or a dam to store water.
Mathematical models are used to calculate the water balance in the reservoir and to determine the
optimal operating conditions for the plant.
5. Economic analysis: Mathematical models are used to perform a cost-benefit analysis of the
hydroelectric plant to determine its economic feasibility. This includes calculations of the capital
costs, operating costs, and the expected revenue from the sale of electricity.
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