SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY,
and SOCIETY
MARJONET C. PARALLAG
 Introduction to STS Class
The course deals with interactions between science and
technology and social, cultural, political, and economic
contexts that shape and are shaped by them. (CMO No.
20, series of 2013)
 Introduction to STS Class
This interdisciplinary course engages students to
confront the realities brought about by science and
technology in society. Such realities pervade the
personal, the public, and the global aspects of our living
and are integral to human development..
 Introduction to STS Class

Scientific knowledge and technological development

happen in the context of a society with all its socio-
political, cultural, economic, and philosophical
underpinnings at play.
 Introduction to STS Class

This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the

students so that they can live the good life and display
ethical decision-making in the face of scientific and
technological advancement.
 Introduction to STS Class
This course includes mandatory topics on climate change
and environmental awareness. This course is an
exploration of the past, present, and future of Science
and Technology in society and the social, cultural,
political, economic, and environmental factors affecting
their development, with a special focus on the
Philippines.
 Introduction to STS Class

It is aimed at instilling a holistic outlook/perspective on

how society, science, and technology evolved starting in the
ancient ages up to contemporary settings.
 Introduction to STS Class
This course provides man’s realization of how far he has
leaped starting from the antiquated world of nothingness up
to the current age and on how simplicity emerged to
become a sophisticated society in a broad spectrum through
the aid of science and technology.
 What is Science?

Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge

and understanding of the natural and social world
following a systematic methodology and
based on evidence.
 scientific methodology
The scientific methodology includes the following:

1. Make an observation or ask a question. The first step is to observe

something that you would like to learn about or ask a question that you would
like answered. These can be specific or general. 

2. Gather background information. This involves doing research into what

is already known about the topic. This can also involve finding if anyone has
already asked the same question.
 scientific methodology
The scientific methodology includes the following:
3. Create a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an explanation for the observation
or question. If proven later, it can become a fact. 
4. Create a prediction and perform a test. Create a testable prediction
based on the hypothesis. The test should establish a noticeable change that
can be measured or observed using empirical analysis. It is also important to
control for other variables during the test. 
 scientific methodology
The scientific methodology includes the following:
5. Analyze the results and draw a conclusion. Use the metrics established
before the test to see if the results match the prediction. 
6. Share the conclusion or decide what question to ask next. Document
the results of your experiment. By sharing the results with others, you also
increase the total body of knowledge available. Your experiment may have
also led to other questions, or if your hypothesis is disproven you may need
to create a new one and test that. 
 What is Science?

It originally came from the Latin word Scientia

which meant knowledge, knowing,
expertness, or experience.
 When and where is Science
started?
The earliest roots of science can be traced
to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia from
around 3000 to 1200 BCE.
 Father of Science

Galileo Galilei is popularly known as the father of science. He was a

teacher, philosopher, astronomer, and physicist known to be an important
part of the scientific revolution. 
Galileo's scientific experiments were an active process involving the study of
causal relationships between various scientific possibilities and experiments.
His research in scientific experiments has become the cornerstone for
unraveling the mysteries of nature and the universe.
 CLASSIFICATION OF SCIENCE
PURE SCIENCE
• is curiosity-driven research, or doing
research for the sake of knowledge
1. Physical science is the study of inanimate
natural objects and the laws that govern
them. It includes physics, chemistry, and
astronomy.
2. Earth science is the study of the Earth and
the physical components that make it up: the
constitution of the atmosphere, the seas, the
land, and how those things are tied together.
3. Life science is the scientific study of living
organisms, including animals (and humans),
plants, and microorganisms.
APPLIED SCIENCE
• APPLIED SCIENCE - is goal-driven
research focused on practical
outcomes and applications.
• Applied sciences are a general
classification for the real-world
application of scientific knowledge
and research. applied sciences are
mostly used to solve problems and make
systems and technology more efficient.
 Types of Applied Science

1. Aerospace engineering
This field uses applied sciences such as physics, mathematics,
and chemistry to design and develop aircraft, spacecraft, and
missiles. Defense and manufacturing firms, for example, hire
aerospace engineers to design and produce satellites.

 
 Types of Science

2. Agricultural engineering
This form of engineering uses knowledge of basic agricultural principles
to create better systems for managing farmland. Agricultural engineering
is the science and art of applying engineering principles to design and
develop tools, techniques, systems, and processes that agricultural
professionals employ to produce plants and animals for human use or
consumption. Agricultural engineers may also use advanced skills to
achieve higher crop yields or livestock production.

 
 Types of Science

3. Architectural engineering
This is a profession that includes architecture, civil engineering
and urban planning. A common task that professionals in this
industry often complete includes designing buildings, such as
residential, commercial and industrial structures.

 
 What is Technology?

The word technology comes from two Greek words, transliterated techne,

and logos. Techne means art, skill, craft, or the way, manner, or means
by which a thing is gained. Logos means word, the utterance by which
inward thought is expressed, a saying, or an expression. So, literally,
technology means words or discourse about the way things are
gained.
 What is Technology?

1. the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes,

especially in industry.
2. machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific
knowledge.
3. the branch of knowledge dealing with engineering or applied sciences.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
• communication
• electrical
• energy
• manufacturing
• medical
• transportation
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
1. Communication technology consists of any pieces of technology people use to communicate with
one another. Some early examples of communication technology include Morse code and the
telegraph.
Modern Communication Technologies:

Television
Television sets transmit signals over which we can listen to and view audio and visual content. People
use television to communicate important messages, advertisements, entertainment and more. Most
televisions receive signals from a cable wire or over the internet, which relays signals that direct a
television set on what content to display.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
Modern Communication Technologies:

Internet
Many people consider the internet to be the most popular and powerful communication technology. It
allows people from around the world to interact through written messages, as well as audio and video
messages. With the internet, users can communicate almost instantaneously with anyone else and
share information. This makes it a powerful tool for businesses, charities, governments and individuals
among many others.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
Modern Communication Technologies:

Cell phones
Cell phones are a modern improvement over the telephone. With a cell phone, people have the ability
to call other phones and have a conversation with people across the world. Many phones are also
capable of connecting to the internet, which allows users to communicate in other ways, such as text
messages or video chats.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
2. Electrical
Many pieces of modern technology use electricity in some form. A few examples of electrical
technology include:
 
Computers
Computers operate through a rapid pulsing of electrical currents. Their core foundation of computers is
binary code, which determines whether there is an electrical current. Depending on the order in which
the device receives these currents, a computer performs different functions. People use computers to
access the internet and print physical copies of digital content among other functions.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
Circuitry
A collection of electrical components that perform a particular function is a circuit. An example of an
electrical circuit is a computer processor, which is a small component that translates electrical signals
into computer code. Electrical circuits exist in many modern-day items, such as computers, remote
controls, cell phones, appliances and more.
 
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence is a computer system designed to make decisions and perform actions
autonomously. There are varying degrees of artificial intelligence sophistication in many of our daily
tasks.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
Software
Software includes the programs a computer uses to function properly. Most software aims to provide
entertainment to users or make tasks more efficient. For example, word processing software makes it
easier to create and edit documents when compared to older forms of technology such as a typewriter.
 
Audio and visual technology
Audio and visual technology consists of items such as cameras, microphones and projectors. Their
purpose is to capture and display audio and visual mediums to users. Audio and visual technology
often combines with other forms of technology, such as cellphones, to provide camera functionality,
for example.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
3. Energy
Energy technology aims to help generate, store and transmit energy for a variety of purposes.
Common examples of energy technology include:
Solar panels
Solar panels use energy from the sun's rays to generate power. People use these panels to power
things such as buildings, homes, outdoor lighting systems, water heating systems and more. Solar
panels are a form of renewable energy, which is becoming a more popular form of energy generation
due to its lack of carbon emissions.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
Wind turbines
Wind turbines use propellers to generate wind energy. They are typically tall
pillars located in open plains or within the ocean where winds are strongest
and generate the most energy. As propellers spin, they generate energy,
which the turbine then stores in a battery or transmits directly to a desired
source.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
Batteries
Batteries store energy for later consumption, and people use these to power
other forms of technology such as a television remote. They range in size—
from small batteries in items such as watches to larger batteries for use
inside cars or large solar panel installations. There have been great
improvements in battery technology recently, with batteries now having the
ability to store more energy for longer periods of time.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
4. Mechanical
Mechanical technology is the application of engineering principles to achieve tasks more efficiently.
People use this technology in a wide variety of machinery, with some common examples of mechanical
technology including:
 
Manufacturing
Manufacturing technology aims to produce goods faster and in a more cost-effective manner. A
popular example of manufacturing technology is an assembly line, which greatly improved the speed
of production processes. Manufacturing technology's benefits also include product quality
improvements, better tracking and systems analysis, faster shipping speeds and enhanced employee
safety.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
Heavy engineering
Heavy engineering technology helps professionals perform tasks
such as building bridges or digging tunnels. It helps transport
heavy materials, dig holes into the ground and make construction
processes more efficient. Other areas of heavy engineering
include shipbuilding, mining, steel production and aerospace
engineering.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
5. Medical
Medical technology helps improve people's quality of life in a number of ways. Some
examples include:
Diagnostics
Diagnostic technology helps medical professionals attain more information about a patient.
Examples of diagnostic technology include thermometers, MRIs, X-ray machines,
electrocardiographs and stethoscopes. With these tools, medical professionals can make
better treatment decisions and explore parts of the human body that would be impossible to
analyze otherwise.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
Pharmaceutical
The development and improvement of medicine results in better
pharmaceutical technology. Using different technologies, such as
nanotechnology, microenvironments and artificial organs, researchers learn
more about how different substances impact humans. They can then
develop different prescription drugs, with the aim of curing or significantly
decreasing instances of harmful disease.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
Surgical
Surgical technology allows surgeons to perform complex operations. Some
recent examples include smart surgical glasses that display essential
information directly within a surgeon's glasses and remote robotics, which
allow surgeons to operate remotely with increased precision. Surgical
technology assists in every type of surgery—from basic procedures such as
appendectomies to more complex types such as spinal or brain surgery.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
Monitoring
To monitor the health and status of a patient, healthcare
professionals increasingly rely on technology. A common example
is smartwatches, which can monitor biometric data such as heart
rates and quality of sleep. Other monitoring technology includes
devices implanted directly into a patient that provide even more
advanced monitoring capabilities to healthcare professionals.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
6. Transportation
It's much easier to travel than it once was thanks to improvements in technology. Examples
of transportation technology include:
GPS
GPS, or a Global Positioning System, is a piece of technology that can pinpoint locations on
earth from satellites in earth's orbit. Using this technology, we can now receive real-time
directions, monitor the transit of different objects or record precise time measurements. GPS
is a feature in many devices such as smartwatches and larger tracking systems used by
corporations and governments.
 SIX DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
TECHNOLOGY
Flight
Flight technology has become safer and more efficient over time. We use flight technology
in a number of ways—from the construction of planes to navigation equipment on an
aircraft. Improvements in flight technology are even more apparent in space flight, which
occurs fairly regularly.
Vehicles
Similar to flight technology, vehicles are now faster and safer. In addition, they are more
fuel-efficient and comfortable and often provide entertainment options, as well. Vehicle
technology has improved the way engines run, the safety features within vehicles, such as
airbags, and the entertainment options available in a car.
 What is Society?

Society is defined as a group of people living as

a community or an organized group of
people for a common purpose.