CIVE 192

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS – Week
3
INSTRUCTOR: Andrew MacDonald

NOTE: Most of slide content drawn from Statics and

Mechanics of Materials 5th Ed., R.C. Hibbeler

1
 Elastic Behaviour
• In most applications it is useful to idealize materials as
Linear-Elastic. This is the area of the Stress-Strain
diagram for elastic behaviour where stress, σ, is linearly
mapped to strain, ε, based on the material stiffness (i.e.
Modulus of Elasticity, E)

2
Stress-Strain Diagram

3
4.1 SAINT VENANT’S PRINCIPLE

𝑃
𝜎 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝐴
Mechanics of Materials, Eighth Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Russell C. Hibbeler Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd All rights reserved.
Most concrete columns are reinforced with steel rods; and
these two materials work together in supporting the applied
load. Are both subjected to axial stress?

Mechanics of Materials, Eighth Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Russell C. Hibbeler Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd All rights reserved.
4.2 ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBER
Px  dδ
 and ε 
Ax  dx
• Provided these quantities do not exceed the proportional
limit, we can relate them using Hooke’s Law, i.e. σ = E ε

P x   d 
 E 
Ax   dx 
P x dx
d 
Ax E
Px dx
L
 
0
Ax E

Mechanics of Materials, Eighth Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Russell C. Hibbeler Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd All rights reserved.
Specific Cases of an Axially Loaded Member Change
in Length

7
 Specific Cases of an Axially Loaded Member Change
in Length
• At times there will be abrupt changes in bar area, load,
and modulus of elasticity along a bars length. This
equation can be applied to each segment of the bar and
summed up.

8
 Specific Cases of an Axially Loaded Member Change
in Length
• Sometimes load and area will gradually vary over an
axial members lengths, in these cases integration will be
required.

• Example: What is the elongation

of the below cone hanging from
a ceiling with a density of γ = 6kN/m3
and a modulus of elasticity of 9000MPa.

9
THERMAL STRESS

• Ordinarily, the expansion or contraction δT is linearly related

to the temperature increase or decrease ΔT that occurs.
 T  TL
 - linear coefficient of thermal expansion, property of the material
T - algebraic change in temperature of the member
T - original length of the member
T - algebraic change in length of the member
• If the change in temperature varies throughout the length of
the member, i.e. ΔT = ΔT (x), or if α varies along the length,
then

 T   T dx

Mechanics of Materials, Eighth Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Russell C. Hibbeler Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd All rights reserved.
Mechanics of Materials, Eighth Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Russell C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS

Mechanics of Materials, Eighth Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Russell C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
BEHAVIOUR WHEN MATERIAL STARTS TO
YIELD

Mechanics of Materials, Eighth Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Russell C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
Statically Indeterminate Axial
Members
• So far we have been solving statically determinate
axially loaded members. In many cases indeterminate
structures will need to be solved. For axially loaded
members forces are in one direction (positive or
negative).
• When the force equilibrium equations cannot solve all
the reactions, this is when we have a statically
indeterminate problem (like below).

14
Statically Indeterminate Axial
Members
• One method available to solve an indeterminate
axially loaded member is to use strain
compatibility. Consider the case below:
• Here we have Ay and By as
unknowns and the only equation
available is
• However we also know the bar
cannot displace at A or B:

15
Statically Indeterminate Axial
Members
• For the structure we can break it down into two
Free Body Diagrams (FBDs).

16
Statically Indeterminate Axial
Members
• Since we know the elongation
due to FA must equal the
contraction due to FB we have the
following:

17
Statically Indeterminate Axial
Members

• Now substitute back into :

18
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS
• It is also possible to solve statically indeterminate problem
by writing the compatibility equation using the superposition
of the forces acting on the free body diagram.

Mechanics of Materials, Eighth Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Russell C. Hibbeler Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd All rights reserved.
Statically Indeterminate Axial
Members - Examples

20
Statically Indeterminate Axial
Members - Examples

21
Mechanics of Materials, Eighth Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Russell C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
Mechanics of Materials, Eighth Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Russell C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
Mechanics of Materials, Eighth Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Russell C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.