PRINCIPLE OF FLIGHT

NAME : GILBERTH MARSHAL WINDESY

BIRTH DATE : JAYAPURA, 02 MARET
ADDRESS : GANG VII, SOBO, BANYUWANGI
PHONE : 081327722383
EMAIL : gilberth.m.windesy@gmail.com

QUALIFICATION

SINGLE ENGINE CESSNA 172 SP RATING

MULTI ENGINE PIPER SENECA V RATING
GROUND INSTRUCTOR COURSE
 ATMOSFER ??

Lapisan udara yang terletak di permukaan dan

mengelilingi bumi.
Atmosfer Bumi tebalnya lebih dari 500 km dari
permukaan Bumi.
Atmosfer Bumi tersusun atas berbagai gas.
KOMPOSISI PENYUSUN ATMOSFER BUMI
Gas Simbol Volume (%)
Nitrogen N2 78,08
Oksigen O2 20,95
Argon Ar 0,93
Karbondioksida CO2 0,035
Neon Ne 0,0018
Methana CH4 0,00017
Helium He 0,0005
Hidrogen H2 0,00005
Xenon Xe 0,000009
Ozon O3 0,000004
LAPISAN – LAPISAN ATMOSFER BUMI

1. Troposphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
 FORCES IN FLIGHT

• Thrust
• Drag
• Lift
• Weight

• The sum of all upward forces equals the sum of

all downward forces.
• The sum of all forward forces equals the sum of
all backward forces.
• The sum of all moments equals zero
• Thrust—the forward force produced by a powerplant/propeller as it forces a mass of air to the rear
(usually acts parallel to the longitudinal axis, relative wind, and flightpath).
• Drag—the aerodynamic force acting on the wing and carriage in the same plane and in the same
direction as the relative wind.
• Lift—the aerodynamic force caused by air flowing over the wing that is perpendicular to the
relative wind.
• Weight—the force of gravity acting upon a body straight down and perpendicular to the Earth.
 LIFT
• Lift opposes the downward force of weight and is produced by the dynamic effects of the
surrounding airstream acting on the wing
That formula shows that for lift to increase, one or more of the factors on the other side of the
equation must increase. Generally, the lift needed is about the same for most flight situations. A
slower speed requires a higher AOA to produce the same amount of lift. A faster speed requires a
lower AOA to produce the same amount of lift
 ALL WINGS PRODUCE LIFT IN TWO WAYS:

• Airfoil shape creates a higher velocity over the top of the wing and a lower velocity over the
bottom of the wing with Bernoulli’s venturi effect.
• Downward deflection of airflow because of the curvature of the wing with the principle of
Newton’s Third Law of Motion: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

http://avstop.com/ac/weight_shift_control/2-7.html
• Parasit drag (Dp) merupakan gaya hambat yang terjadi karena adanya gesekan antara permukaan
pesawat. Macam - macam parasit drag, yaitu :

1. Skin friction drag atau gaya hambat gesekan kulit, terjadi karena adanya gesekan viskos yang
terjadi dalam lapisan batas atau boundary layer. Kehalusan kulit atau permukaan akan
berpengaruh besar pada tahanan ini.

2. Form drag atau gaya hambat bentuk, terjadi karena bentuk dari pesawat itu sendiri dan
besarnya form drag tergantung dari bentuk besar kecil pesawat dan komponen-komponen
tambahan yang dipasang pada pesawat tersebut.

3. Interference drag atau gaya hambat interferensi, terjadi karena interferensi lapisan batas dari
berbagai bagian pesawat terbang. Misalnya pada sambungan antara bagian-bagian dari pesawat
seperti sambungan rivet pada fuselage, wing, dan bagian-bagian lainnya. Besar kecilnya
interference drag tergantung dari kehalusan sambungan tersebut.
SKIN FRICTION DRAG
FORM DRAG
INTERFERENCE DRAG
Induced drag (Di) merupakan gaya tahan yang terjadi karena
adanya gaya angkat atau lift
AIRFOIL DESIGN
• Leading edge, merupakan bagian permukaan paling depan dari airfoil.
• Trailing edge, merupakan bagian permukan paling belakang dari airfoil.
• Mean chamber line, merupakan garis pertengahan yang membagi antara permukaan bagian atas dan
permukaan bagian bawah dari airfoil.
• Chord line, merupakan garis lurus yang menghubungkan leading edge dan trailing edge.
• Chord, merupakan perpanjangan dari chord line mulai dari leading edge hingga trailing edge. Dengan
kata lain, chord adalah karakteristik dimensi longitudinal dari suatu airfoil.
• Maximum chamber, merupakan jarak antara mean chamber line dengan chord line. Maximum
chamber membantu mendefinisikan bentuk dari mean chamber line.
• Maximum thickness, merupakan ketebalan maksimum dari suatu airfoil, dan menunjukkan persentase
dari chord. Maximum thickness membantu mendefinisikan  bentuk dari airfoil dan juga performa dari
CP BERUBAH MENGIKUTI AOA
 AXES OF AN AIRCRAFT

• The axes of an aircraft are three imaginary lines that pass through an aircraft’s CG. The axes can be considered as imaginary axles around
which the aircraft turns.
• The axis from nose to tail is the longitudinal axis.
• The axis that passes from wingtip to wingtip is
the lateral axis, and
• The axis that passes vertically through the CG is
the vertical axis or normal axis.

• Whenever an aircraft changes its flight attitude

or position in flight, it rotates about one or more
of the three axes.
• The motion about the aircraft’s longitudinal axis is “roll,”
• The motion about its lateral axis is “pitch,” and
• The motion about its vertical axis is “yaw.” Yaw is the horizontal (left and right)
movement of the aircraft’s nose.
 CONTROL SURFACE

• Primary Flight Control

• Aileron
• Elevator
• Rudder

• Secondary Flight Control

• Flap
• Slats
• Spoiler
• Trim tab
 TYPE OF FLAPS

• Plain Flap
• Split Flaps
• Slotted Flap
• Fowler Flap
• Vs0 Stalling Speed with gear and full flaps extended
• Vs and Vs1 Stalling Speed with the Gear and Flaps retracted
• Vfe Maximum Flap Extended Speed
• Vno maximum structural cruising speed.
• Vne Velocity (V) that you Never (n) Exceed (e).
• Va Manoeuvring Speed
• Vr Speed Rotate
TERIMA KASIH