LANGUAGE

RESEARCH
(ELT 210)
1 EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
✗ A method or procedure involving the control or manipulation of
conditions for the purpose of studying the relative effects of various
treatments applied to various members a sample, or of the same
treatment applied to members of different samples. (Good, p. 216)
✗ It describes and analyses variables in carefully controlled conditions
as a basis for inferring or concluding. It consists of manipulating an
experimental variable under highly controlled conditions to determine
how and why a particular event occurs. (Manuel & Mendel, p. 37)

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 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
✗ In other words, experimental research is a highly controlled
procedure in which manipulated treatments or actions from a factor or
condition (experimental or independent variable) are applied upon
another factor or condition (dependent variable) to determine the
effect of the former to the latter, all other factors or variables are
being kept in constant or equal so that any change in the dependent
variable is attributed only to the experimental or independent variable.

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✗ This type of research involves
manipulation and control of
variables.

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Control
The efforts of the researcher
to get rid of the influence of
any variable other than
independent variable which
might influence the
performance of dependent
variable.

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Variabl
e
Anything that may change or
maybe changed from one
condition to another, either
qualitatively or
quantitatively.

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VARIABLE
✗ Independent Variable – anything, condition, or process which
is controlled and manipulated by the experimenter and
applied on another thing, condition, or process intended to
have or produce a change or reaction from the latter.
✗ Dependent Variable – anything, condition or process exposed
to or upon treatments or actions from the dependent variable
are applied.

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Here is a simple
illustration:
Suppose Student A and Student B are in the same grade
level and have the same level of mental ability, Student
A is given three hours to study a certain lesson and
Student B is given two hours to study the same lesson.
Then they are given the same test on the lesson. When
the test papers of the students are scored, the student A
gets a higher score than the Student B.

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Major components of
experimental research
✗ The population
 Experimental group
 Control group
✗ The treatment

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components of experimental research
(Campbell & Stanley)
✗ X – represents an experimental treatment.
✗ O – the observation or the effects of treatment being
measured.
✗ R – random grouping of the respondents

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CATEGORIES
OF
EXPERIMEN
TAL
RESEARCH
 Single group design
 Control group design
 Factorial design
 Quasi-experimental
design

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Single group design

The study involves only one group of respondents.

✗ One-Spot Case Study (X1;O1)
✗ One-Group Pre-test – Post-test Design (O1;X1;O2)
✗ Time-Series Design

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Control Group Design
It involves two groups, where one group which represents the
experimental group is subjected to treatment, while the other
group of the same population us not.
✗ Static-Group Comparison
✗ Pre-test – Post-test Control Group

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 Factorial Design
It involves the investigation of two or more independent
variables and allow the researcher to measure the effect of each
independent variable as well as the interaction of these
variables.

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 Quasi-Experimental Design
It involves only one group in which the investigation is
conducted in conditions which cannot be manipulated.

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Questions
and
Clarification
s?
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