HEATING AND COOLING CURVE

HEATING CURVE

• When the system is heated, energy is transferred

into it. In response to the energy it receives, the
system changes, for example by increasing its
temperature.
• If the temperature of a material is monitored
during heating, it varies with time.
• A plot of the temperature versus time is called the
heating curve.
 PHASE CHANGES

Notice that, in general, the temperature goes up

the longer the heating continues. However, there are
two horizontal flat parts (segments BC and DE) to
the graph. These happen when there is a change of
state. The plateaus are also called phase changes.
 During phase changes, two physical states
of the substance exist at the same time.
When addition or removal of heat is stopped
at this temperature, the two physical states
will interconvert from one state to the other,
and will be at equilibrium.
 COOLING CURVE

• Heating curves show how the temperature changes as a

substance is heated up. Cooling curves are the opposite.
• They show how the temperature changes as a substance is
cooled down.
• Just like heating curves, cooling curves have horizontal flat
parts where the state changes from gas to liquid, or from
liquid to solid.
• Note: The melting and freezing
occur at the same temperature.
During freezing, energy is
removed and during melting,
energy is absorbed.
In both the heating and cooling curves, there are certain portions where the
temperature changes as heat is being added or removed, and portions where
the temperature remains constant even if heat is being added or removed.
What is happening at these portions?

1. When heat change is accompanied by a change in temperature, a change in

kinetic energies of the particles in the substance is occurring. The particles
are either moving faster or slowing down.
2. When temperature remains constant during heat change, the particles
move at the same speed. The heat added or removed is involved in breaking
or forming attractive forces. A phase change occurs at this temperature: solid
melts or liquid freezes at the melting point, which is also the freezing point;
liquid boils, or gas condenses at the boiling point, which is also the
condensation point.
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
 SOLUTION

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or

more solutes dissolved in a solvent.
• solvent: the substance in which a solute dissolve to
produce a homogeneous mixture
• solute: the substance that dissolves in a solvent to
produce a homogeneous mixture
DIFFERENT WAYS TO DESCRIBE THE
CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION
 QUALITATIVE EXPRESSIONS OF
CONCENTRATION

A solution can be qualitatively described as

• dilute: a solution that contains a small
proportion of solute relative to solvent, or
• concentrated: a solution that contains a large
proportion of solute relative to solvent.
SEMI-QUANTITATIVE EXPRESSIONS OF
CONCENTRATION

A solution can be semi-quantitatively

described as
• unsaturated: a solution in which more solute
will dissolve, or
• saturated: a solution in which no more solute
will dissolve.
 QUANTITATIVE
EXPRESSIONS OF
CONCENTRATION
 PERCENT COMPOSITION (BY MASS)

We can consider percent by mass (or weight percent, as it

is sometimes called) in two ways:
• The parts of solute per 100 parts of solution.
• The fraction of a solute in a solution multiplied by 100.
We need two pieces of information to calculate the
percent by mass of a solute in a solution:
• The mass of the solute in the solution.
• The mass of the solution.
 EXAMPLE 1

• Bicarbonate of soda (sodium

hydrogen carbonate) is used in many
commercial preparations. Its formula
is NaHCO3. Find the mass
percentages (mass %) of Na, H, C,
and O in sodium hydrogen carbonate.
 EXAMPLE 2

• What are the mass percentages of

carbon and oxygen in carbon
dioxide, CO2?
 MOLARITY

• Molarity tells us the number of moles of solute in

exactly one liter of a solution. (Note that molarity is
spelled with an "r" and is represented by a capital M.)
We need two pieces of information to calculate the
molarity of a solute in a solution:
• The moles of solute present in the solution.
• The volume of solution (in liters) containing the solute.
 MOLARITY

• Molarity is one way to express the

concentration of a solution in moles of
solute present in one (1) liter, L, of solution.
It can be used to convert between moles of
solutes and volumes of their solutions
 EXAMPLE 1

• A solution is prepared by bubbling

1.56 grams of hydrochloric acid
(HCl) in water. Here, the volume of
the solution is 26.8 mL. Calculate
the molarity of the solution.
 EXAMPLE 2

• A solution prepared using 15 g of

sodium sulphate (Na2SO4). The
volume of the solution is 125 ml.
Calculate the molarity of the given
solution of sodium sulphate.
 MOLALITY

• Molality, m, tells us the number of moles of solute dissolved

in exactly one kilogram of solvent. (Note that molality is
spelled with two "l"'s and represented by a lower case m.)
We need two pieces of information to calculate the molality of a
solute in a solution:
• The moles of solute present in the solution.
• The mass of solvent (in kilograms) in the solution.
 EXAMPLE 1

• What is the molality of a

solution containing 75.5 grams
sucrose (C12H22O11) in 400.0
grams water?
 EXAMPLE 2

• How many grams of sodium

hydroxide (NaOH) are needed to
prepare a 0.700 molal solution
using 700.0 grams water?