KINGDOM FUNGI

-Fungi have no chlorophyll thus,

cannot produce their own
food.
-Some are parasites because
they survive by living on a host
organism.
-Fungi undergo asexual
reproduction by forming buds
and many spores.
- Fungal bodies consist of
hyphae with rootlike rhizoids
that attach them to the
substrate on which they grow.
Hyphae absorb and provide
nutrients to the fungi by extending
downward into the substrate. They
also produce sexually when male
and female hyphae join together.
Saprophytes –
fungi that feed
on decaying
matter
Examples:
• Volvariella sp. and Pleurotus sajor-caju
(oyster mushroom) – examples of fungi
used as food
• Saccharomyces rouxii (yeast) and
Aspergillus oryzae (mold) – utilized in soy
sauce making; yeast is an ingredient in
making bread
 Volvariella sp.

Pleurotus sajor-caju
 Examples:
• Trichoderma
harzianum – used in
decomposition
Penicillium
notatum – used in
making penicillin,
a drug that kills
disease-causing
bacteria
 Examples:

• Aspergillus flavus
– produces
aflatoxin, a
poisonous
substance
Trichophyton
mentagrophytes and
T. Rubrum – causes
athlete’s foot; T.
Rubrum can also
cause ringworm
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Plants are multicellular and
they can make their own food.
 Plants consist of two big groups:

• Nonvascular – they do not have tissues to

transport water and food.
• They provide oxygen to many organisms.
Their “carpetlike” growth covering large areas
in hilly grounds prevent erosion and increase
the capacity of soil to hold water.
Examples:
liverworts, mosses, and hornworts – they
are attached to the places where they
live by means of rhizoids which absorb
water and nutrients. They do not have
true stems and leaves so they grow very
close to damp grounds, stone walls or
tree trunks.
• Vascular – they have a transport system.

• Ferns – thrive on land with true roots, stems

and leaves; more than 900 species of ferns
can be found in moist, shaded and
mountainous areas. They have the ability to
make food and provide other organisms with
food and oxygen.
• Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds are
borne in cones.

• They are sources of quality wood for making

plywood and furniture.

• They also supply pulp to paper-producing

factories. Other species provide resin, used
in making perfumes and varnishes.
Examples:
• Conifers – (pine trees) they grow in cold
countries and in elevated places
• Cycads – are short, palm-like plant
growing in tropical and subtropical areas
• Gnetophytes – represented by
Welwitschia which can be found in
Namibia, Southwestern Africa
Conifers – (pine
trees) they grow
in cold countries
and in elevated
places
Cycads – are
short, palm-like
plant growing in
tropical and
subtropical areas
Gnetophytes –
represented by
Welwitschia
which can be
found in
Namibia,
Southwestern
Africa
Angiosperms – they are also called
flowering plants
•Angiosperms are classified according
to their lifespan:
1. Annuals – live for a year or one
growing season and die like corn, rice,
tomatoes
2. Biennials – develop roots, stems and
leaves during the first year, produce
seeds on the second year, then die like
carrots
3. Perennials – live for many years,
usually producing woody stems like
bamboo and trees
Flowering plants are also classified as to the
number of cotyledons present in their seeds:

• Monocotyledon (monocot) – have only one

cotyledon present.
Examples: coconut & grasses
• Dicotyledon (dicot) – have two dotyledons.
Examples: gumamela and mango
 Importance of Angiosperms

1. Filipino’s staple food: rice, corn

2. Vegetables: camote tops, malunggay,
cabbage, carrots, saluyot, squash
3. To prevent and cure some diseases:
Lagundi, sambong, ampalaya, banaba
 Harmful Plants
1. Sorghum – it is known to cause cyanide
poisoning in livestock as young leaves contain
a poisonous substance
2. Jatropha curcas (tuba-tuba) – popular due
to its being an alternative source of biofuel.
Although known to have medicinal properties,
its seed is poisonous. The fruits cause
stomach pain, burning sensation in the throat
and vomiting.
3. Manihot esculenta (cassava) – if boiled
with its bark on it can be poisonous. The
bark contains hydrocyanic acid.
4. Echinochloa crus-galli (dawa-dawa) and
Digitaria sanguinalis (saka-saka) – weeds
which are alternative hosts to abaca and
corn mosaic viruses