EARTH AND LIFE

SCIENCE
QUARTER 2 – WEEK 5
 LEARNING COMPETENCY
1. describe the general and unique characteristics of
the different organ systems in representative animals

2. analyze and appreciate the functional relationships

of the different organ systems in ensuring animal
survival
 INSTRUCTION: LET US ASSESS YOUR
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PREVIOUS TOPIC
BY WRITING THE WORD TRUE IF THE
STATEMENT IS CORRECT AND FALSE IF THE
STATEMENT IS WRONG.

_____ 1. Genetic modification involves the insertion or

deletion of genes

_____ 2.GMO products reduce the use of pesticides and

toxic products in farming.
_____ 3. GMO leads to lower yield of common
agricultural products.

_____ 4. The genetically modified foods are also

produced to make them more nutritious.

_____ 5. A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an

organism whose genetic material has been altered.
 Instruction. Patterned to 4 Pic 1 word
game, decode the words below which are
all about the different organ systems.
USING 2 TO 3 SENTENCES GIVES YOUR IDEA
ABOUT EACH OF YOUR ANSWERS ABOVE.
FIG. 1. ________________ =
_____________________________
FIG. 2. ________________ =
_____________________________
FIG. 3. ________________ =
_____________________________
FIG. 4. ________________ =
 ACTIVITY 1 – DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF
ANIMALS
Objectives: At the end of the activity, you should be able to:
1.describe the general and unique characteristics of digestive
system of some animal representatives
2.identify the adaptive structure of animals in digestion of
their food
3.give the relationship of the food that the animals eat to their
digestive structure.
 PROCEDURE: BASED ON THE GIVEN
DIAGRAM OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
OF THE ANIMAL ANSWER THE GIVEN
QUESTIONS BELOW.
USE YOUR INTERMEDIATE PAD PAPER
FOR YOUR ANSWERS.
 GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. List down all the parts that are similar to all the given
representative animals

a.
_____________________________________________
_____
b.
_____________________________________________
_____
2. Identify the part/s that are unique to each animal that are
considered adaptive features of their digestion.

a.non ruminant herbivore- _____________

b.ruminant herbivore - ______________
c.insectivore- __________________
d.carnivore - _______________________
e.avian - ____________________________________
f.omnivore - __________________________
3.Arrange the list of representative animals as to the simplest
to the most complex structure of their digestive system.
________, ________, ________, ________, ________,
________
4.How will you relate now the type of food that the animal eat
to its digestive structure?
5.What is the importance of digestion?
ACTIVITY 2 – ANIMAL RESPIRATION

Procedure: Read the selection below

regarding the breathing mechanisms of
animals and answer the given questions.
(Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=sRN6gYAwPvE)
BREATHING MECHANISMS OF ANIMALS

BREATHING THROUGH LUNGS

-Mammals, birds, and reptiles breathe air through the

lungs.
-Breathing in air is called inhalation or inspiration. And
breathing out air is called exhalation or expiration.
-When we inhale, air enters the nose; the tiny hair in the
nose filters out dust and other particles.
 -Air then travels down through the windpipe into the lungs.
-The lungs are soft and spongy. They are enclosed in a
bone cage, called a rib cage.
-The diaphragm, which is a muscle in the chest, helps draw
in air.
-During inhalation, the ribs move up and out. The
diaphragm moves down. The pressure in the lungs decreases
and air rushes into the lungs.
 -Inside the lungs, oxygen present in the air gets absorbed
by the blood, while carbon dioxide leaves the blood.

-Absorbed oxygen is then carried by the blood to other

parts of the body.

-When we exhale, we breathe out carbon dioxide.

 -The rib cage moves down and in as the diaphragm
moves up. Thereby building pressure inside the lungs.
Carbon dioxide is then pushed out of the lungs.
 BREATHING THROUGH GILLS

-Fish, eels, and tadpoles breathe air underwater.

-When you see a fish opening and closing its mouth, you
are actually seeing it breathe.

-Instead of lungs, fish and other aquatic animals have a

pair of gills. The gills contain filaments.
 -These filaments receive a good supply of blood. Water
enters the mouth and passes over the gills. The gills take in
oxygen from the water.

-At the same time carbon dioxide in the blood passes into
the water. The water is then passed out of the gills through
the gill slits.
 BREATHING THROUGH SKIN

-Earthworms and amphibians like the frog have very thin

permeable skin which allows gasses to pass through easily.
-Blood vessels lie very close to the surface of the skin
so air gets absorbed directly into the blood.
-On land, frogs breathe through lungs. They are weak
and unable to expand much.
 BREATHING THROUGH SPIRACLES

-Cockroaches, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, butterflies, and ants

are insects.

-Insects do not have lungs or gills. Their blood does not carry
oxygen. Insects have small holes called spiracles. These
spiracles are connected to air tubes called the trachea.
 -Air moves into the trachea through spiracles.

-Trachea is in turn connected to smaller

tubes. These tubes are in direct contact with the
body cells.

-So the circulatory system in insects does not

play a role in carrying oxygen
 GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1.What breathing structure is common to mammals, birds

and reptiles?

2.Compare inspiration from expiration.

3.Describe what happened to the rib cage, diaphragm and

lungs upon inhalation and exhalation.
 Inhalation Exhalation

Ribcage

Lungs

diaphragm
 4. FILL-IN THE TABLE TO DESCRIBE THE
PROCESS OF RESPIRATION OF
REPRESENTATIVE ANIMALS
Representative Organ for Part/s of the Process of
organisms breathing breathing breathing
organ
Fish
Earthworm
Frog
Insects
Human
5. WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE
RESPIRATORY PROCESS?
ACTIVITY 3 – ANIMAL
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Procedure:
1. Study the diagram below:
Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory
System
a. What are the similarities and differences
between the open circulatory system and the
closed circulatory system?
______________________________________
_______

2. Observe the circulatory systems of some

representative animals. Study the heart, blood
vessels and the flow of blood in each diagram:
 b. Compare the circulatory system of the fish, amphibian,
reptile, and mammal using the table below:

Represent Type of Organs involved Number Number

ative Circulatory in circulation of atria of
Animals System Ventricles

Fish
Amphibian

Reptile
Mammal
c. What do you think is the advantage of having a
four-chambered heart than that of a three-
chambered heart and a two-chambered heart?
_________________________________
d. What is the importance of circulation?
________________________________________
 Activity 4 – Excretion among Animals

Procedure: Read the selection below

about the different excretory organs of
some animals.
 WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT EXCRETORY ORGANS
OF ANIMALS?

-Excretion is the process of removing metabolic wastes

from the body. Animals excrete metabolic wastes such as
ammonia, urea, or uric acid.
-These have different levels of toxicity as well as the
energy needed in producing them.
 -Evolution has allowed structures that enable animals to
thrive in extreme habitats, giving them a high chance of
survival by efficiently removing wastes from their bodies.

-The contractile vacuole is an organelle found in

amoeba that actively collects water passively diffusing into
the cell.

-It then expels the collected water periodically by

contracting and emptying the vacuole through a pore on the
membrane.
 -Invertebrates like the earthworm and tapeworm has a
nephridium, a tubular type of excretory organ found
traversing the length of the body.

-In this organ, water and other metabolites are

recovered while nitrogenous wastes are expelled by
diffusion across the surface of the body.
 -Malpighian tubules are excretory structures
found in insects and spiders that function in tandem
with the rectal glands in the hindgut.

-Urine is formed by actively transporting salts

and into the tubules from hemolymph.
 -Osmosis of ions brings with it water, solutes, and uric
acid. Uric acid then precipitates in the tubules as water and
ions are reabsorbed.

-The precipitated uric acid does not contain much water

and so is expelled as dry feces. Water is conserved in
insects, enabling them to survive in dry environments.
 -Kidneys are the main excretory system of
fishes, mammals, reptiles, birds, and amphibians.

-These organs remove waste products of

metabolism by diluting it in water and forming
urine.
 -Urine, containing urea and ammonia, is
expelled out of the body while water, glucose
and amino acids are retained and reabsorbed.

-The kidney’s main functions are filtration,

reabsorption, and secretion at its basic filtering
units, the nephrons.
 GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1.Name some materials/ substances that are being

eliminated by animals’ bodies.
2.What is the importance of excretion?
3.Compare the different means of excretion among
animals by filling out the table given below.
Representative Main Wastes
Organisms excretory produced
organ removed
Amoeba

Earthworm

Insects

Human
 AFTER WORKING ON THE ORGAN SYSTEMS OF
REPRESENTATIVE ANIMALS,
READ THE NOTES BELOW ON HOMEOSTASIS, THE
NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
 HOMEOSTASIS
Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to
internal and external changes through a process called
homeostasis (“steady state”).

These changes might be in the level of glucose or

calcium in blood or in external temperatures.

Homeostasis means to maintain dynamic equilibrium

in the body.
It is dynamic because it is constantly adjusting to
the changes that the body’s systems encounter.

It is equilibrium because body functions are kept

within specific ranges.

Even an animal that is apparently inactive is

maintaining this homeostatic equilibrium.
 Each body system contributes to the homeostasis
of other systems and of the entire organism.

 Most of these organ systems are controlled by

hormones secreted from the pituitary gland, a part
of the endocrine system.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is a series of glands that
produce and secrete hormones that the body uses for a
wide range of functions.

These control many different bodily functions,

including Respiration, Metabolism, Reproduction,
Sensory perception, Movement, Sexual development
and Growth.
Hormones are produced by glands and sent into the
bloodstream to the various tissues in the body.

They send signals to those tissues to tell them what

they are supposed to do.

When the glands do not produce the right amount of

hormones, diseases develop that can affect many
aspects of life.
The endocrine system works to regulate. certain internal
processes.

The major glands of the endocrine system are the

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals,
pineal body, and the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes).

The pancreas is also a part of this system; it has a role in

hormone production as well as in digestion.
 The endocrine system is regulated by
feedback in much the same way that a
thermostat regulates the temperature in a
room.
 For the hormones that are regulated by the
pituitary gland, a signal is sent from the
hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in the
form of a "releasing hormone," which
stimulates the pituitary to secrete a
"stimulating hormone" into the circulation.
 The stimulating hormone then signals the target gland to
secrete its hormone.

 As the level of this hormone rises in the circulation, the

hypothalamus and the pituitary gland shut down secretion
of the releasing hormone and the stimulating hormone,
which in turn slows the secretion by the target gland.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

- The nervous system lets the animals communicate with

the outside environment, as well as with their own body.

- From outside, animals fetch information through the

sense organs (eyes, taste buttons, olfactory epithelium,
sensory nervous terminals of the integument sensitive to
touch and temperature).
 -Nervous system interacts with every other system in your
body.
-In the same way that all of your cells need oxygen
transported by the circulatory system, all of your tissues and
organs require instruction and direction from the nervous
system.
-There is obvious interaction between your muscles and
your nervous system.
 -That interaction helps you move around and interact with
your environment.
-The ability of awareness, thinking, feelings, emotions, and
all those features regarded as human superior features are
caused by the activity of the nervous system.
-These human features, probably also present in some
animals at a different level, are not strictly related to the
outside world or the state of the body.
 -The nervous system is made up of neurons and glial
cells. Although neurons receive more attention, glial cells
are indispensable.

-There are around 86000 millions neurons in the human

encephalon, and the number of glial cells is even higher.

-Neurons communicate between each other mainly by

synapses.
 -A neuron may send information to
thousands of neurons via synapses, whereas
the same neuron may receive information from
thousands of other different neurons.
 -Furthermore, the type of information interchanged
between neurons is diverse (neurotransmitters and
others)

-The effect of the same signal in a target neuron may

produce different responses depending of the type of
receptors and the particular physiological state of that
neuron at that moment (transduction cascade).
 -With these numbers in mind, and the complex
communication process between neurons, it is easy
to picture that the understanding of how the nervous
system works is an enormous challenge for
neurobiologists.
 -Traditionally, the nervous system has been divided
in central and peripheral nervous systems.

-The central nervous system contains the encephalon

(brain) and the spinal cord.

-The peripheral nervous system is composed of many

neurons, usually as small groups and plexuses, which
are distributed through the body.
 IMMUNE SYSTEM
 The immune system has a vital role: It protects your body
from harmful substances, germs and cell changes that
could make you ill.
 It is made up of various organs, cells and proteins.
 Without an immune system, we would have no way to
fight harmful things that enter our body from the outside
or harmful changes that occur inside our body.
 -The main tasks of the body’s immune system are
to fight disease-causing germs (pathogens) like
bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, and to remove
them from the body

- To recognize and neutralize harmful substances

from the environment, and to fight disease-causing
changes in the body, such as cancer cells.
 -There are two subsystems within the immune system,
known as the innate (non-specific) immune system and the
adaptive (specific) immune system.

-Both of these subsystems are closely linked and work

together whenever a germ or harmful substance triggers an
immune response.
-The innate immune system provides a general
defense against harmful germs and substances, so
it’s also called the non-specific immune system.

-It mostly fights using immune cells such as

natural killer cells and phagocytes (“eating cells”).
 -The main job of the innate immune system is to fight
harmful substances and germs that enter the body, for
instance through the skin or digestive system.

-The adaptive (specific) immune system makes antibodies

and uses them to specifically fight certain germs that the
body has previously come into contact with.
 -This is also known as an “acquired” (learned) or
specific immune response. Because the adaptive
immune system is constantly learning and adapting,
the body can also fight bacteria or viruses that
change over time.
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1.How does the feeding habit of an animal relate to the
structure of its digestive system?
2.What is the advantage of a fish’s gills for underwater
breathing? What is its disadvantage in a terrestrial
environment?
3.How is an open circulatory system different from a closed
circulatory system?
4.How do insects remove their metabolic wastes?
5.How does the nervous system and endocrine system work
together in maintaining homeostasis?
 COMPLETE THE CHART BELOW SHOWING THE
DIFFERENT DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS
ORGAN SYSTEMS AND WAYS OF TREATMENT AND
PREVENTION.
Name of
Disease
How to
Organ associated Treatment for
prevent the
System with the the Disease
disease?
organ
system
Digestive
System
Circulatory
System
Respiratory
System
Excretory
System
Nervous
System
Endocrine
System
Immune
System
 COMPLETE THE EXIT TICKET BELOW:

3
3 things I
learned:_____________________________________
___________________________________________

2
2 things I found
interesting:__________________________________
_________________________________________

1
1 thing I still have questions
about:______________________________________
____________________
A.WRITE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

_____ 1. Ruminants such as cows have the following

digestive adaptations EXCEPT:
A.Gizzard to grind food
B.Four stomach compartments
C.Well-developed premolars and molars
D.Microorganisms capable of digesting cellulose
_____ 2. Which of the following organisms breathe through
spiracles?
A.amoeba
B.earthworm
C.grasshopper
D.hawk
_____ 3. What are the main respiratory organs of mammals?
A.lungs
B.spiracles
C.moist skin
D.gills
_____ 4. Which of the following animals has a three-chambered
heart?
A.bat
B.crocodile
C.goat
D.tilapia
_____ 5. The excretory organs of a grasshopper is called
A.contractile vacuoles
B.kidneys
C.Malpighian tubules
D.nephridia
 B.MATCH COLUMN A WITH COLUMN B. WRITE
THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT ANSWER
Column A Column B
_____ The body’s defense A. Carbon
6. dioxide
_____ By-product of respiration B. Circulation
7. C. Homeostasis
_____ Removes metabolic wastes D. Immune
8. system
_____ State of stable internal environment E. Kidneys
9.
____ Circulates oxygen and nutrients to the
READ THE ARTICLE BELOW AND ANSWER
THE QUESTIONS
 GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. Will you personally promote/ encourage other people to

become an organ donor? Explain your answer.

2. If it calls in a certain situation that you need to donate a

certain organ of your body, will you be a donor? Defend your
answer
THE END...