Data collection&

experimental
Design
Student ID:120220487
:Name ‫إسماعيل محمد رشيد ديب‬
Methods of Data collection

1.observational study

a researcher observes and measures characteristics of interest of part of a , 

population but does not change existing conditions. For instance, an
observational study was performed in which researchers observed and
recorded the mouthing behavior on nonfood objects of children up to three
.years old. Source: from the book
observational study

?What is an example of observational data 

Observational data can vary quite a bit; it can be anything from responses to a survey to a 
non-verbal reaction. Examples include behavioral response patterns, journal logs, or even a
.record of bank transactions
?What does observational study mean 

An observational study is a statistical study that does not have any treatment or intervention 
done by the researchers. Observational studies are in contrast to experimental studies,
.which have researchers provide some intervention to study participants
?What is the purpose of an observational study 

Observational studies are usually meant to gather information about a specific event, 
outcome, or population. These studies are often more exploratory and can lead researchers
.to conduct a more robust experimental study
Source: study.com 
Experiment.2
a treatment is applied to part of a population, called a treatment group, and , 
responses are observed. Another part of the population may be used as a
control group, in which no treatment is applied. (The subjects in the
treatment and control groups are called experimental units.) In many cases,
subjects in the control group are given a placebo, which is a harmless, fake
treatment, that is made to look like the real treatment. The responses of the
treatment group and control group can then be compared and studied. In
most cases, it is a good idea to use the same number of subjects for each
group. For instance, an experiment was performed in which diabetics took
cinnamon extract daily while a control group took none. After 40 days, the
diabetics who took the cinnamon reduced their risk of heart disease while the
control group experienced no change. (Source: Diabetes Care)
Source: from the book 
Experiment

an operation or procedure carried out under controlled conditions in order to 

discover an unknown effect or law, to test or establish a hypothesis, or to
illustrate a known law
Experiment

Exampels 

This experiment demonstrated the latest progress of the flying humanoid robot Jet- .

HR2
IEEE Spectrum, 14 Jan. 2023—. 

The cell line produced from Lacks’ cells, called .


HeLa cells, allowed scientists to experiment and
create life-saving medicine, including the polio
vaccine, in-vitro fertilization, and gene mapping
Zoe Sottile, CNN, 23 Dec. 2022—. 

Source: merriam-webster.com 
Simulation.3

A simulation is the use of a mathematical or physical model to reproduce the 

conditions of a situation or process. Collecting data often involves the use of
computers. Simulations allow you to study situations that are impractical or
even dangerous to create in real life, and often they save time and money.
For instance, automobile manufacturers use simulations with dummies to
study the effects of crashes on humans. Throughout this course, you will have
the opportunity to use applets that simulate statistical processes on a
.computer
Source :from the book 
Simulation

A simulation imitates the operation of real world processes or systems with the use of models. The model represents the key behaviours and characteristics of the selected process or system while the simulation represents
how the model evolves under different conditions over time.
Simulations are usually computer-based, using a software-generated model to provide support for the decisions of managers and engineers as well as for training purposes. Simulation techniques aid understanding and
experimentation, as the models are both visual and interactive.
.Simulation systems include discrete event simulation, process simulation and dynamic simulation. Businesses may use all of these systems across different levels of the organisation
Simulation
:Exampels

Automotive 

Simulation allows the characteristics of a real vehicle to be replicated in a virtual 

environment, so that the driver feels as if they are sitting in a real car. Different scenarios can
be mimicked so that the driver has a fully immersive experience. These type of simulators
can help train both new and experienced drivers, offering a route to teach driving skills that
.can reduce maintenance and fuel costs and ensure the safety of the drivers themselves
Biomechanics 

Simulation can be applied to biomechanics to create models of human or animal anatomical 

structures in order to study their function and design medical treatments and devices.
Biomechanics simulation can also be used to study sports performance, simulate surgical
procedures, and assess joint loads. An additional example is neuromechanical simulation
that unites neural network simulation with biomechanics to test hypotheses in a virtual
.environment
Source: twi-global.com 
Simulation
:Exampels
City and Urban Planning 
Simulation can be used to design new cities and urban environments as well as to test how existing urban 
areas can evolve as a result of policy decisions. This includes city infrastructure and traffic flow among other
.potential models
Digital Lifecycle Design 
Simulations can assist with product design, allowing digital prototyping and testing to create better 
.performing products with a shorter time-to-market, while also assessing the lifecycle of the finished product
Disaster Preparation 
Simulations can replicate emergency situations, to help with disaster preparedness.This includes training and 
designing responses to events such as natural disasters, pandemics or terrorist attacks. Responses can be
tracked and assessed through the simulation, highlighting potential problems and areas where more training
may be required for responders, as well as ensuring any mistakes are made in a safe environment ahead of
 .any real life event
Source: twi-global.com 
Simulation
:Exampels
Economics and Finance 

Economics, macroeconomics and finance also benefit from simulations. A 

mathematical model of the economy can, for example, be tested using historical
data as a proxy for the actual economy. This can be used to assess inflation,
unemployment, balance of trade and budgets.Elsewhere, simulations can
replicate the stock exchange or be used to test financial models. Banks also use
.simulations to replicate payment and securities settlement systems
Engineering Systems 

Simulation is widely used for engineering systems to imitate operations and 

functions of equipment, processes and procedures. Engineering simulations can
combine mathematical models and computer-assisted simulation for design or
.improvement of existing processes
Source: twi-global.com 
Simulation
:Exampels
Ergonomics 

Simulation can be used to analyse virtual products and working environments 

incorporating an anthropometric virtual representation of the human, also known as a
mannequin or Digital Human Model (DHM). These DHMs can mimic the performance and
capabilities of humans in simulated environments. This type of simulation has
applications ranging from assembly lines to disaster management and video gaming to
.waste collection
Flight Simulation 

Flight simulators have been used for years to train new pilots in a safe environment. This 
not only allows pilots to be assessed safely, but can also test instrument failures and
other problems without risking the pilot, the instructor or the aircraft. You can also easily
repeat the exact same scenarios, such as approaching a runway to land, under different
.conditions, not to mention saving fuel and other costs compared to actual flying time
Source: twi-global.com 
Survey.4

A survey is an investigation of one or more characteristics of a population. 

Most often, surveys are carried out on people by asking them questions. The
most common types of surveys are done by interview, Internet, phone, or
mail. In designing a survey, it is important to word the questions so that they
do not lead to biased results, which are not representative of a population.
For instance, a survey is conducted on a sample of female physicians to
determine whether the primary reason for their career choice is financial
stability. In designing the survey, it would be acceptable to make a list of
.reasons and ask each individual in the sample to select her first choice
Source :from the book 
survey

?What are Surveys 

Surveys are a method of gathering information from a group of individuals by 

asking them questions. Surveys can be conducted through various mediums such
.as paper and pencil, online forms, telephone, or face-to-face interviews
The main goal of a survey is to collect data that is representative of the group 
being surveyed, allowing researchers to make informed decisions or draw
conclusions. To create a successful survey, it’s essential to craft questions that
are clear, concise, and unbiased, avoiding leading or loaded questions that could
.influence the answers
Surveys are a powerful tool for data collection, enabling us to collect valuable 
data quickly and efficiently. By understending the purpose and process of
surveys, we can gather accurate and meaningful data that can inform our
.decisions and lead to successful outcomes
Survey
Exampels
Company Communications Evaluation Template: This example is essential to analyze employee •
perspectives about the subject of internal company communications, topics to cover in the
newsletter, updates on the bulletin board, the efficiency of an organization’s management in
.conversation, etc
Hardware Product Evaluation Template: Improving hardware product features isn’t a •
straightforward proposition due to a lot of elements like raw materials, supply chain, and
manufacturing lines getting affected by it. Hence, while eliciting feedback for hardware, it is
essential to be as objective as possible. It helps us understand the kind of necessary product
.innovations
Strategic Planning Survey: Innovation methodology is essential to any organization’s product or •
service lines. Hence, implementing customer support and making product or service tweaks when
required is necessary for the sustenance and growth of an organization. This template helps
.organizations chalk out their business strategy
Source :questionpro.com •
Key Elements of Experimental Design

control.1
.for effects other than the one being measured
A confounding variable occurs when an experimenter cannot tell the difference between
.the effects of different factors on the variable
For instance, to attract more customers, a coffee shop owner experiments by remodeling
her shop using bright colors. At the same time, a shopping mall nearby has its grand
opening. If business at the coffee shop increases, it cannot be determined whether it is
because of the new colors or the new shopping mall. The effects of the colors and the
shopping mall have been confounded. Another factor that can affect experimental results is
.the placebo effect
placebo effect occurs when a subject reacts favorably to a placebo when in 
fact the subject has been given a fake treatment. To help control or minimize
.the placebo effect, a technique called blinding can be used
Blinding is a technique where the subjects do not know whether they are 
receiving a treatment or a placebo. In a double-blind experiment, neither the
experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are receiving a treatment
or a placebo. The experimenter is informed after all the data have been
collected. This type of experimental design is preferred by researchers
Randomaization.2

Randomization is a process of randomly assigning subjects to different treatment 

.groups
In a completely randomized design, subjects are assigned to different treatment 
groups through random selection. In some experiments, it may be necessary for
the experimenter to use blocks, which are groups of subjects with similar
characteristics. A commonly used experimental design is a randomized block
design. To use a randomized block design, the experimenter divides the subjects
with similar characteristics into blocks, and then, within each block, randomly
assign subjects to treatment groups. For instance, an experimenter who is
testing the effects of a new weight loss drink may first divide the subjects into
age categories such as 30–39 years old, 40– 49 years old, and over 50 years old,
and then, within each age group, randomly assign subjects to either the
treatment group or the control group (see figure at the right )
Randomized Block Design
Rndomization

Another type of experimental design is a matched-pairs design, where 

subjects are paired up according to a similarity. One subject in each pair is
randomly selected to receive one treatment while the other subject receives
a different treatment. For instance, two subjects may be paired up because
.of their age, geographical location, or a particular physical characteristic
Sample size and Replication.3

Sample size, which is the number of subjects in a study, is another important 

part of experimental design. To improve the validity of experimental results,
replication is required
Replication is the repetition of an experiment under the same or similar 
.conditions
For instance, suppose an experiment is designed to test a vaccine against a 
strain of influenza. In the experiment, 10,000 people are given the vaccine
and another 10,000 people are given a placebo. Because of the sample size,
the effectiveness of the vaccine would most likely be observed. But, if the
subjects in the experiment are not selected so that the two groups are similar
.(according to age and gender), the results are of less value
Sample size and Replication

Sample size Replication 

Replication

Replication is the process of creating a duplicate . In biology , it can refer to 

.DNA replication where copy of DNA is created