POLITICAL

ORGANIZATIONS
 OBJECTIVES:
• At the end of the lesson, the learner is expected to:
1.Explain the concepts of politics, power, and authority.
2. Explain the Different Branches of the Government and the
constitution.
2.Explain what is the nature of politics and political organization.
3.Distinguish the types of political organizations that have existed over
time.
4.Define legitimacy and differentiate the types of authority. 
 POLITICS
• refers to activities through which people
make preserve, and amend the general
rules under which they live.
• Who gets what, when, and why?
THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
STRUCTURE AND POWERS
 DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT

The structure of the government is divided into

Three Branches:

• The Legislative Department – Article VI

• The Executive Department – Article VII
• The Judicial Department – Article VIII
 THE PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWER

The principle of Co – equal and coordinate powers

among the 3 branches, the officers entrusted with
each of these powers are not permitted to encroach
upon the powers confided to the others. If one
department goes beyond the limits set by the
Constitution, its acts are null and void.
 PRINCIPLE OF CHECK AND BALANCES
Checks by the President
• May veto or dis approve bills
enacted by the Congress
( Sec.27:1)
• Through Pardoning power, he
may modify or set aside the
judgements of courts. (Art.
VII, Sec 19)
Checks by the Congress Checks by the Judiciary
• Congress may override the
veto of the President 2/3 of the
actual Vote (Sec. 27:1)
• Reject certain appointments of
the President (Art. VII, Sec.16)
• The power to impeach The
President and the members of
the Supreme Court.
• Revoke the proclamation of
Martial Law or suspension of
the Writ of Habeas Corpus by
the President ( Art. VII,
Sec.18)
• The Supreme Court as the final
arbiter may declare legislative
measures or executive acts
unconstitutional ( Art. VIII,
Sec. 4:2)
• Determine whether or not
there has been a grave abuse of
discretion in the part of the
Congress and the President
(Art. VIII, Sec.2:2)
Qualifications of the Officials of the National
Government
 President and Vice - President
• Natural- born citizen of the Philippines.
• A registered voter
• Able to read and write
• At least Forty (40) years of age on the day of the
election
• A resident of the Philippines for at least ten (10) years
immediately preceding the election
 Congress
SENATORS
• A natural – born citizen of the Philippines
• At least thirty five (35) years of age on the day of the
election
• Able to read and write
• A Resident of the Philippines for not Less than two (2)
years immediately preceding the election.
 Congress
House of Representative
• A natural born citizen of the Philippines
• At least twenty five (25) years of age on the day of the election
• Able to read and write
• Except for a Party- list Representative, a registered voter in the district in which he
shall be elected
• A resident thereof for a period of not less than one (1) year preceding the election

Additional Qualification for Party – List Representative

• A bona fide member of the party or organization which he seeks to represent for at
least ninety (90) days preceding the day of the Election.
 Supreme Court

• He must be a natural – born citizen of the Philippines

• He must be at least forty (40) years of age
• He must have, for fifteen (15) years or more, been a judge of a
lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines
• He must be a person of proven integrity, probity and
independence
Composition
 Executive Department

• President – Chief Executive

• Vice President
• Cabinet Officials/Members
 Legislative Department

• Senate – composed of 24 Senators

• House of Representative – 250 members including the
Party – list Representatives
• District Representative – Composed of 80% of the 250
members of the House
• Party list Representative – Composed of the remaining
20% of the House of Representative
 Judicial Department

• Supreme Court - Composed of Fifteen (15)

members
- 1 Chief Justice and 14
Associate Justice
Terms of Office
 Executive Department

President – 1 term of 6 years without re –

election
Vice President – 2 Consecutive Terms
allowed with 6 years per term.
 Legislative Department

Senate – 2 Consecutive Terms allowed with

six years per term
District and Party – list Representative
– 3 Consecutive terms allowed with 3 years per
term
 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

• No term limit – but they are mandated to hold

office during good behavior until they reach the 70
or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of
their office.
 Impeachment
• Impeachment has been defined as a method of national
inquest into the conduct of public men. It is essentially
in the nature of a criminal prosecution before a quasi-
political court, instituted by a written accusation called
“ The Articles of Impeachment” upon a charge of
commission of a crime or some official misconduct or
neglect.
 Officials removable by Impeachment

1. The President and Vice – President

2. The members of the Supreme Court
3. The members of the Constitutional Commissions ( COMELEC, CSC,
COA )
4. The Ombudsman
President’s Logo Vice - President’s Logo
COE CSC COA
 GROUNDS FOR IMPEACHMENT

• Culpable violation of the Constitution (Failure to Disclose SALN)

• Treason
• Bribery
• Graft and Corruption
• Betrayal of Public Trust
• Other High Crimes ( Perjury of oath, abuse of authority, intimidation,
misuse of assets, failure to supervise, dereliction of Duty, Conduct of
unbecoming and Refusal to obey a lawful order)
1987 Constitution
of the Philippines
 Constitution

• Defined as a system for government, codified as a written

document which contains fundamental laws and principle.
• The Constitution of the Philippines is the supreme law of
the country. The constitution currently in affect was
enacted on 1987, during the administration of President
Corazon Aquino and is Popularly Known as the “1987
Constitution”.
 Preamble of the 1987 Constitution

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the

aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society, and establish a Government that shall embody our
ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve
and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under
the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love,
equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this
Constitution.
 Parts of the 1987 Constitution
• Article I – National Territory
• Article II – Declaration of Principles and State Policies
• Article III – Bill of Rights
• Article IV – Citizenship
• Article V – Suffrage
• Article VI – Legislative Department
• Article VII- Executive Department
• Article VIII – Judicial Department
• Article IX – Constitutional Commission
• Article X – Local Government
 Parts of the 1987 Constitution
• Article XI – Accountability of Public Officers
• Article XII – National Economy and Patrimony
• Article XIII – Social Justice and Human Rights
• Article XIV – Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and
Sports
• Article XV – The Family
• Article XVI – General Provisions
• Article XVII – Amendments or Revisions
• Article XVIII – Transitory Provision
Article III – Bill of Rights
 Section 1

No person shall be deprived of

life, liberty, or property without
due process of law, nor shall any
person be denied the equal
protection of the laws.
 Section 2
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant
or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be
determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or
affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and
particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or
things to be seized.
 Section 3

(1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be

inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when
public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding
section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any
proceeding.
 Section 4

No law shall be passed abridging the

freedom of speech, of expression, or
of the press, or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble and petition
the government for redress of
grievances.
 Section 5
No law shall be made respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof. The free exercise and
enjoyment of religious profession and
worship, without discrimination or
preference, shall forever be allowed. No
religious test shall be required for the exercise
of civil or political rights.
 Section 6

The liberty of abode and of changing the

same within the limits prescribed by law
shall not be impaired except upon lawful
order of the court. Neither shall the right
to travel be impaired except in the interest
of national security, public safety, or public
health, as may be provided by law.
 Section 7
The right of the people to information on matters
of public concern shall be recognized. Access to
official records, and to documents, and papers
pertaining to official acts, transactions, or
decisions, as well as to government research data
used as basis for policy development, shall be
afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations
as may be provided by law.
 Section 8

The right of the people, including

those employed in the public and
private sectors, to form unions,
associations, or societies for purposes
not contrary to law shall not be
abridged.
 Section 9

Private property shall not be

taken for public use without
just compensation.
 Section 10

No law impairing the

obligation of contracts shall be
passed.
 Section 11

 Free access to the courts and quasi-

judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any
person by reason of poverty.
 Section 12

(1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be
informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of
his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one.
These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will
shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms
of detention are prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as
compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.
 Section 13
All persons, except those charged with offenses
punishable by reclusion Perpetua when evidence of
guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by
sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as
may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be
impaired even when the privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not
be required.
 Section 14
(1)No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of
law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the
contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to
be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy,
impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have
compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of
evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed
notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified
and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.
 Section 15

The privilege of the writ of habeas

corpus shall not be suspended except
in cases of invasion or rebellion when
the public safety requires it.
 Section 16

All persons shall have the right to

a speedy disposition of their cases
before all judicial, quasi-judicial,
or administrative bodies.
 Section 17

No person shall be compelled

to be a witness against himself.
 Section 18

(1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of

his political beliefs and aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall
exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted.
 Section 19

(1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman
punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for
compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides
for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion
perpetua.
(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment
against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal
facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
 Section 20

No person shall be
imprisoned for debt or non-
payment of a poll tax.
 Section 21

No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of

punishment for the same offense. If an act is
punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction
or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar
to another prosecution for the same act.
 Section 22

No ex post facto law or bill

of attainder shall be
enacted.
Article IV – Citizenship
 Section 1
The following are citizens of the Philippines:
(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the
adoption of this Constitution;
(2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the
Philippines;
(3) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers,
who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority; and
(4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
 Section 2

Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of

the Philippines from birth without having to
perform any act to acquire or perfect their
Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine
citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3),
Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born
citizens.
 Section 3

Philippine citizenship may

be lost or reacquired in the
manner provided by law.
 Section 4

Citizens of the Philippines who marry

aliens shall retain their citizenship,
unless by their act or omission they are
deemed, under the law, to have
renounced it.
 Section 5

Dual allegiance of citizens is

inimical to the national interest
and shall be dealt with by law.
 POWER

• refers to the ability to do something

in order to achieve a desired
outcome.
 AUTHORITY

• is legitimate power, where in the

person who has authority has the
right to exercise power.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
All societies have political systems that function to manage public affairs, maintain social
order, and resolve conflict. Yet the forms of these political systems are diverse, sometimes
embedded in other social structures.

Political organization involves issues like allocation of political roles, levels of political

integration, concentrations of power and authority, mechanisms of social control and
resolving conflicts.
TYPES OF POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION
BAND
 BAND
• It is usually a very small, oftentimes nomadic group
that is connected by family ties and is politically
independent.
• They are known to be Nomadic people since they
moved from place to place usually in search of food.
They are usually composed of hunter – gatherers. 
• Bands are usually referred as Egalitarians.
TRIBES
 TRIBES
• It is a combination of smaller kin or non-kin groups, linked
by a common culture, that usually act as one.

• Sort of multi-grouped and usually bigger than bands, tribes

tend to contain communities that are a bit larger.

• Stateless, small scale society with distinctive language and

culture engaged in subsistence oriented food production.
CHIEFDOMS
 CHIEFDOMS
• a political unit headed by a chief, who holds power
over more than one community group.

• these are usually more densely populated and are not

egalitarian but instead have social rank, with the chief
and his family holding power.
 CHIEFDOMS
• Since chiefs are usually chosen by heredity, this
usually gives his family and their inner circle the
reigns to power.

• Many chiefdoms practice redistribution, in which

goods are accumulated by one central person or
power, who then decides how to allocate them
among the people.
 CHIEFDOMS
• Many chiefdoms believe their chiefs are endowed
with Mana, a supernatural power that gives the
right to rule.

• Despite this powerful force, chiefdoms usually have

no form of bureaucracy or written laws that help
support the chief.
 NATION
• A nation consists of a distinct population
of people bound together by a common
culture, history, and tradition who
are typically concentrated within a
specific geographic regions.
 STATE

• A state is a political unit that has

sovereignty the legitimate and ultimate
authority of the state over an area of
territory and the people within it.
STATE

Nation has two aspects -a
cultural community and a
political community.
Not all nations are recognized as
states. Likewise, a state is not
equivalent to a single nation and
may in fact be composed of
several nations.

A state is a political unit that

encompasses several
communities, has a
bureaucracy, and has leaders
that possess legitimate
powers.
Leaders of states have more
responsibilities such as the
maintenance of law and order,
securing the state territory,
engaging in international
relations, and preserving
social control.
LEGITIMACY AND TYPES
OF AUTHORITY
ng character , thustransf
LEGITIMACY
ority.
theLegitimacy originated from the Latin word
LEGITEMARE, meaning “to declare
lawful,” and is broadly defined as rightfulness.

d that thebases of
3 TYPES OF AUTHORITY BY
MAX WEBER

• TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
• CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY
• LEGAL – RELATIONAL AUTHORITY
TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

• authority is based on a system that is believed to had “always

existed”.

• the legitimacy of this type of authority is based on long-established

customs and traditions that do not need to be justified

• Examples are those exercised by elders in a tribe or

an indigenous people’s group as well as by monarchs who
have inherited their power and authority.
CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

• People with charisma are often very popular, highly

persuasive, and inspire loyalty and obedience from
other people.
• They also seen as “ born leaders” and “heroes”
• Charisma applies to a certain quality of an individual
personality by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary
men and treated as endowed with supernatural powers.
CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

• Generally, considered a gift or innate quality unique to

a person, but it can also be manufactured through the
use of propaganda.
• However, charismatic authority is the most unstable
type of authority as leaders may eventually “lose” their
charisma when peoples views regarding them change.
 LEGAL – RATIONAL
AUTHORITY
• the most typical type of authority in modern societies.
• Power and authority in a legal-relational context are
legitimized by a clearly defined set of written rules
and laws.
• Leaders can rightfully wield authority if they obtain
their positions according to established procedures
such as elections or through appointment.
TRADITIONAL CHARISMATIC RATIONAL -LEGAL

• Power based • Power based on • Power based on

on long characteristics of formal rules and
standing person in power. regulations.
• Authority • Authority belongs
custom. depends on to the office, not
• Authority last peoples beliefs in the person.
for the life of leader. • Each holds power
the leader. • Examples include only for as long as
• Examples dictator and he or she holds
include King, supreme leader. office.
• Examples include
Queen, and
president and
Tribal Leader. prime minister.
 ACTIVITY #1
Familiarize yourself with the political
structure of your city or municipality. Draw
the organizational chart of your
City/Municipality including the names of the
incumbent officials and their duties.
 PERFORMANCE TASK #1
Ask your teachers on what specific qualities a politician
should have? Then ask what they think the ideal politician
should believe and advocate in relation to the following
issues:

• Land Reform
• Free Education
• Nationalism
• Equality of Sexes