The

Central
Dogma
Protein
Synthesis
Opening Prayer
HISTORY

Introduced by Crick in 1958

http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/04-07-30images/crick.jpg
 THE DNA The RNA

http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/DNA.html
THE DNA • double stranded
• double-helix
structure
• has deoxyribose
sugar
• made of 4 bases:
oAdenine (A)
oThymine (T)
oGuanine (G)
oCytosine (C)
• base pairings:
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/DNA.html
oA–T and G–C
The RNA
• single stranded
• has ribose sugar
• made of 4 bases:
oAdenine (A)
oUracil (U)
oGuanine (G)
oCytosine (C)
• base pairings:
oA–U and G–C
• has 3 kinds:
 messenger RNA (mRNA)
 transfer RNA (tRNA)
 ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/DNA.html
 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DNA RNA proteins

 HOW IS PROTEIN MADE?
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
2 processes involved:
1. Transcription
o copies the sequence of DNA into
mRNA
2. Translation
o translates the mRNA codon into
amino acid sequence to form a
protein (with the help of tRNA and
rRNA)
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/proteinsyn.jpg
 Transcription
T ACCCACT GAGGAT C
DNA
mRNA

AUGGGUGACUCCUAG
 The Genetic Code

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code
 Translation
DNA

T ACCCAC TGAGGA TC
mRNA

AUGGGUGACUCCUAG

M
protein

(start)
G D S stop
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/proteinsyn.jpg
1. What is the complementary
base pair of adenine in the
DNA?
A. Guanine
B. Cytosine
C. Thymine
D. Uracil
2. What is the complementary
base pair of adenine in the
RNA?
A. Guanine
B. Cytosine
C. Thymine
D. Uracil
3. Which kind of RNA is the
result of transcription?
A. tRNA
B. rRNA
C. mRNA
D. all of the above
4. Which kind of RNA carries
amino acids for translation?
A. tRNA
B. rRNA
C. mRNA
D. all of the above
5. What do you call the three-
letter sequence of bases in
the mRNA?
A. genes
B. genome
C. codon
D. anticodon
 THE
LOST BROTHER
A Forensic Case Study
Mission:
As volunteer scientists, we were sent to
Bicol to help with the ongoing relief
mission for the victims of the typhoon
“Durian”. We are a part of a forensic team
tasked to identify the deceased victims left
by the recent typhoon, and return them to
their surviving relatives.
 A case was given to our group.

A man was found dead holding what seems to

be a very priceless antique jar; inside the jar was
a note to his long lost brother. The note revealed
a testament that he leaves all his possessions to
him.
And so the search for the lost brother reached
the media, prompting many individuals to come
forward and claim the dead man’s remains as
well as the inheritance. However, the authorities
will only release the deceased man to a
legitimate relative.
 After doing several tests on the claimants,
our team is left with only 3 persons, all
declaring to be the brother of the deceased.
Your team now begins to process of
determining who the real brother is.
DNA was obtained from the 3 claimants
and the dead man. Go and investigate for the
legitimate heir by converting the DNA to
mRNA which will be the key in finding the 3
amino acids which will complement with the
dead man’s. Good luck!
 Claimant 1
T A C T G A T T C C C A A C T
DN
A
mRN
A
protei
n

Claimant 2
T A C G C A C C A G A A A T T
DN
A
mRN
A
protei
n

Claimant 3
T A C C T G C C C A G A A T C
DN
A
mRN
A
protei
n
 The Genetic Code

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code
DEAD CLAIMANT 1 CLAIMANT 2 CLAIMANT 3
BROTHER
M

Other
amino
acids
 Claimant 1
T A C T G A T T C C C A A C T
DN
A

A U G A C U A A G G G U U G A
mRN
A

M (start) T K G STOP
protei
n

Claimant 2
T A C G C A C C A G A A A T T
DN
A

A U G C G U G G U C U U U A A
mRN
A

M (start) R G L STOP
protei
n

Claimant 3
T A C C T G C C C A G A A T C
DN
A

A U G G A C G G G U C U U A G
mRN
A

M (start) D G S STOP
protei
n
DEAD CLAIMANT 1 CLAIMANT 2 CLAIMANT 3
BROTHER
M

Other
amino
acids
Claimant 3 was the
“Lost Brother”.
Congratulations
Scientists!
 HOMEWORK

Read about DNA

technology.